/3S9 


Medical  Missions 
How  TO  Strengthen  Them 


FROM  THE  PROCEEDINGS  OF 
THE  FOREIGN  MISSIONS  CONFERENCE 
OF  NORTH  AMERICA 
THE  OPENING  SESSIONS 
GARDEN  CITY.  NEW  YORK 
JANUARY  II,  1916 


FOREIGN  MISSIONS  CONFERENCE 

25  MADISON  AVENUE 
NEW  YORK 


Tuesday  Afternoon 

MEDICAL  MISSIONS  AND  HOW  TO  STRENGTHEN 

THEM 

WILLIAM  W.  CADBURY,  M.D.,  CANTON,  CHINA  • 

It  was  not  until  Peter  Parker,  in  his  Ophthalmic  Hospital  in 
Canton,  proved  the  power  of  the  appeal  of  the  healing  of  the 
body  that  medical  missions  first  came  to  be  recognized  as  a 
vital  and  essential  part  of  modern  missionary  propaganda; 
since  then  medical  missions  have  steadily  developed  until  now 
there  are  nearly  one  thousand  missionary  physicians  (at  least 
one-fifth  of  whom  are  women)  conducting  six  hundred  and 
seventy-five  hospitals  and  nine  hundred  and  sixty-three  dis- 
pensaries. 

Last  March,  1915,  a group  of  those  interested  in  medical 
missions  met  and  urged  the  Committee  of  Arrangements  of  the 
Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America  to  make  a 
place  on  its  program  for  the  discussion  of  this  important 
branch  of  missionary  activity.  Under  the  impulse  of  that 
meeting  the  Secretary  of  the  Conference  wrote  to  the  medical 
missionaries  of  all  Moslem  and  non-Christian  lands  asking  two 
leading  questions : 

One:  What  are  your  chief  difficulties  in  attaining  your 
' aims  as  a physician? 

Two:  What  lines  of  inquiry  do  you  suggest  as  a means  of 
strengthening  the  medical  missionary  work? 

The  present  paper  is  an  attempt  to  correlate  the  answers  re- 
ceived in  order  to  have  an  understanding  of  the  sentiments  of 
those  actually  on  the  job. 

The  answers  may  be  grouped  as  follows : 

CHIEF  DIFFICULTIES  IN  ATTAINING  AIMS 

A. 

Lack  of  Proper  Staff  and  Assistants. 

Lack  of  men  and  women  physicians  to  properly  care  for  existing  in- 
stitutions. 

Lack  of  medical  assistants,  both  foreign  and  native,  trained  nurses, 
dentists  and  business  managers. 

Lack  of  consulting  physicians  due  to  isolation. 

More  patients  than  the  average  doctor  can  properly  handle. 

Physicians  are  encumbered  with  a great  mass  of  non-medical  work — 
too  many  things  to  do. 

Insufficient  financial  backing  of  medical  work  already  undertaken. 

Lack  of  sympathy  and  support  of  non-medical  colleagues. 


B. 

Complaint  of  Tendency  tozvard  Lozver  Standards. 

Tendency  to  become  satisfied  with  low  medical  standards  and  un- 
scientific work. 

Failure  to  study  and  keep  abreast  of  medical  progress. 

Lack  of  interest  in  research  work. 

Insufficient  practical  experience  before  going  to  the  field. 

Lack  of  spiritual  growth  on  the  part  of  the  doctor. 

Tendency  to  neglect  the  evangelistic  for  the  medical  work  and 
vice  versa. 

c. 

Lack  of  Proper  Buildings  and  Equipment. 

Lack  of  buildings,  surgical  instruments  and  medical  supplies. 

Lack  of  a medical  library — books,  periodical  literature  and  pamph- 
lets. 

Many  letters  speak  of  the  lack  of  the  necessary  parapher- 
nalia for  properly  treating  the  sick.  The  hospital  buildings  are 
often  hopelessly  inadequate.  For  several  years  I worked  in  a 
hospital  made  of  bamboo  mats  with  room  for  less  than  twenty 
patients. 

D. 

Native  Inertia  and  Opposition. 

Superstition  and  ignorance  of  native  populations. 

Advanced  state  of  disease  in  many  patients. 

Competition  with  native  quack  doctors. 

Unreliability  of  assistants. 

A number  of  missionaries  refer  to  the  ignorance  and  super- 
stition of  the  people  and  in  some  cases  of  lack  of  confidence 
in  the  foreign  doctor  as  a decided  hindrance.  The  native  quack 
doctor  is  a competitor  hard  to'overcome. 

Great  quantities  of  inferior  drugs  and  patent  medicines  are 
for  sale  in  the  native  markets — unsanitary  surroundings  in 
which  the  missionary  must  live  and  the  poor  quality  of  food 
obtainable — conditions  found  in  all  uncivilized  lands. 

E. 

Lack  of  interest  in  America. 

The  theory  often  expressed  that  medical  work  is  only  a means  to- 
ward evangelization  and  should  never  be  considered  as  an  end  or 
message  in  itself,  has  operated  against  its  proper  support  and  devel- 
opment. 

The  home  constituency  is  uninformed,  hence  indifferent,  to  the  needs 
of  medical  missionaries. 

In  some  instances  the  complaint  is  made  that  missionary 
physicians  at  home  on  furlough  are  not  permitted  to  solicit 
funds  for  their  hospitals  for  fear  that  money  will  be  diverted 
from  the  evangelistic  work  as  a whole. 

2 


REPLIES  SUGGESTING  MEANS  OF  STRENGTHENING  THE  MEDICAL 
MISSIONARY  WORK  ^ 

Maintenance  of  high  quality  in  staff  and  assistants. 

More  and  better  prepared  physicians  are  wanted. 

Missionary  physicians  should  have  the  best  possible  preparation  and 
post-graduate  work  when  practicable. 

Candidates  for  medical  work  should  have  had  a course  in  a hos- 
pital and  be  equipped  with  a specialty  before  leaving  home. 

The  missionary  physician  should  be  an  all-round  practitioner,  not 
too  much  of  a specialist. 

Missionary  doctors  should  have  full  opportunity  to  acquire  a good 
working  knowledge  of  the  language. 

Medical  missions  must  be  self-perpetuating  and  expansive  through 
producing  efficient  devoted  native  workers. 

Medical  missionaries  must  be  sound  physically,  have  the 
best  medical  training,  of  broad  vision  and  judgment  and  quali- 
fied spiritually.  They  must  love  the  people  among  whom  they 
work. 

The  doctor  should  reduce  the  number  of  patients  to  those 
that  he  can  properly  handle,  his  aim  being  a high  grade  of 
work  rather  than  the  number  of  patients  enrolled.  The  term 
of  service  on  the  field  should  not  be  more  than  five  years,  and 
when  on  furlough  he  should  be  enabled  to  do  graduate  work. 

Time  should  be  allowed  for  research  work  and  study. 

The  authority  of  the  medical  missionary  should  be  recog- 
nized by  the  mission  in  all  things  pertaining  to  the  medical 
work  in  which  he  is  engaged.  There  should  be  hearty  co- 
operation between  the  physicians  of  the  mission  and  the  other 
missionaries,  so  that  their  health  may  be  carefully  guarded 
while  on  the  field.  I have  seen  missionaries  break  down 
physically  when  two  or  three  doctors  were  on  the  field,  with- 
out the  latter  knowing  anything  about  it. 

Other  suggestions  regarding  the  efficiency  of  missionary 
physicians  and  assistants  have  largely  to  do  with  hospitals, 
equipment  and  better  organization. 

Better  Hospitals,  Equipment  and  Organization. 

There  should  be  at  least  two  doctors  and  one  foreign  trained  nurse 
capable  of  training  others  in  each  hospital. 

There  should  be  a hospital  superintendent — a non-medical  business 
man.  i 

The  absence  of  trained  nurses  in  mission  hospitals  is  a 
real  source  of  inefficient  work.  An  active  campaign  should 
be  started  to  secure  well-trained  young  women  to  consecrate 
themselves  to  this  service,  not  for  the  purpose  of  doing  actual 
nursing,  but  to  establish  training  schools  in  all  mission  hos- 
pitals, so  that  the  nursing  may  be  raised  from  its  present  de- 


3 


plorable  condition  in  many  institutions  to  a high  standard. 
There  are  many  hospitals  where  there  is  no  trained  nurse,  and 
the  native  helpers  who  are  supposed  to  do  the  nursing  are  sim- 
ply workmen  who  can  do  little  more  than  scrub  floors,  and 
they  do  not  do  that  very  well  either.  A physician  does  not 
make  a good  superintendent  of  nurses.  There  must  be  a 
trained  nurse  to  serve  as  a superintendent  of  nurses.  I have 
tried  to  act  in  that  capacity  myself,  and  feel  my  inability. 

The  work  done  should  be  of  such  high  standard  that  it  will 
commend  Christianity,  be  medically  efficient  and  contribute  to 
medical  science. 

Less  denominationalisnj  should  rule  in  medical  work.  Where 
two  or  more  hospitals  exist  in  one  city  or  section,  there  should 
be  greater  co-operation,  permitting  the  men  in  that  neighbor- 
hood to  specialize  in  one  field  of  medicine  for  that  particultar 
section.  This  is  a point  I feel  to  be  of  great  importance,  the 
combining  of  the  medical  work  on  the  field.  I know  of  towns 
where  there  are  two  hospitals  or  three  hospitals  under  separ- 
ate mission  boards,  and  each  doctor  has  to  be  a surgeon,  a 
medical  man,  an  eye  specialist,  a skin  specialist,  and  do  all  the 
work  himself ; whereas  he  might  easily  arrange  with  the  men 
working  in  the  other  two  hospitals  to  share  his  work  by  becom- 
ing a specialist  in  one  phase  of  the  work.  This  would  certainly 
enhance  the  quality  of  the  work  done  in  that  section. 

Up-to-date  union  hospitals,  laboratories  and  medical  schools 
should  be  established  in  centers  to  train  native  men  and  women 
as  physicians,  surgeons,  pharmacists,  nurses  and  mid-wives. 
The  medical  work  of  each  mission  should  be  unified  and  bet- 
ter systematized.  A central  laboratory  should  be  established 
in  each  section  or  country.  A large  central  hospital  should  be 
located  in  the  chief  city  of  the  district  occupied,  with  branch 
hospitals  or  dispensaries  in  market  towns.  Financial  co-oper- 
ation with  the  people  should  be  cultivated  and  public  health 
propaganda  carried  on. 

There  is  urgent  need  for  the  better  financing  of  hospitals 
and  medical  schools.  Dr.  Simon  Flexner  remarked  at  the 
close  of  his  recent  visit  in  China,  that  the  hospitals  did  not 
lack  this  or  that  but  they  lacked  absolutely  everything  neces- 
sary^ for  the  making  of  modern  scientific  hospitals.  It  must 
be  clearly  recognized  that  no  medical  school  can  depend  entire- 
ly upon  its  paying  patients  for  clinical  material.  There  must 
also  be  a free  ward  where  students  may  obtain  practical  experi- 
ence in  diagnosis.  At  least  one-half  of  the  budget  of  a medi- 
cal school  must  be  provided  by  other  sources  than  the  fees 
from  the  patients  and  students. 

4 


Better  publicity  and  organisation  at  the  Home  Base. 

Publicity  in  the  home  lands  by  means  of  (a)  a special  de- 
partment in  medical  journals,  (b)  letters  sent  out  periodically 
telling  of  the  work. 

A medical  man  on  every  missionary  board. 

A secretary  at  the  home  base  to  raise  funds  and  have  gen- 
eral oversight  of  the  medical  work  or  a medical  auxiliary. 

A greater  effort  should  be  made  to  arouse  the  interest  of  the 
medical  profession  of  Europe  and  America  in  this  great  work. 
The  doctor  on  the  mission  field  has  an  abundance  of  clinical 
material  of  the  greatest  interest  to  the  medical  professors  at 
large.  By  frequent  contributions  to  medical  periodicals  and  by 
addresses  before  medical  societies  at  home  much  can  be  done. 
But  in  order  to  do  this  there  must  be  less  routine  work  for  the 
doctor  to  do. 

In  this  connection  I wish  to  quote  from  Dr.  F.  W.  Peabody, 
a representative  physician  of  Boston,  who  visited  many  mis- 
sionary hospitals  and  medical  schools  of  China  in  1914,  as  a 
member  of  the  China  Medical  Board  of  the  Rockefeller  Foun- 
dation : 

“I  have  been  thinking  of  how  to  get  the  medical  missionaries 
in  closer  touch  with  the  medical  profession  in  America.  Why 
are  they  not  in  close  touch  ? The  trouble  is  on  both  sides.  The 
profession  in  America  know  very  little  as  a whole  of  China, 
India,  etc.,  and  the  conditions  of  work  there,  and  I do  not 
believe  that  the  missionary  spirit  has  appealed  to  medical  men 
very  broadly.  The  American  profession  has  got  to  be  made 
to  be  interested — it  will  not  become  so  without  some  active  ef- 
fort. 

The  result  will  be  the  sending  out  of  men  with  larger  per- 
sonal contact  with  the  best  hospitals  and  medical  men  in 
America;  frequent  returns  for  work  in  good  hospitals  at  home; 
writing  good  stuff  for  American  Medical  Journals;  interchange 
between  the  countries  by  having  good  men  go  out  for  limited 
periods — young  men  to  assist  in  schools  and  hospitals  and 
older  men  to  teach  for  a year  or  two.” 

The  Mission  Boards  themselves  should  realize  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  medical  side  of  their  work.  Every  Board  that 
maintains  doctors  on  the  field  should  have  at  least  one  physi- 
cian as  a member-  The  Medical  Auxiliaries  of  the  Society 
for  Propagating  the  Gospel,  the  Church  Missionary  Society, 
the  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society  and  the  Baptist  Missionary 
Society,  should  be  carefully  investigated  and  some  similar 
body  appointed. 


5 


The  funds  of  the  medical  work  should  be  distinct  from  those 
of  other  departments.  A joint  investigating  committee  repre- 
senting different  societies  and  composed  of  representative  medi- 
cal men  should  be  selected  and  sent  to  the  various  mission 
fields.  By  this  means  the  defects  of  the  work  would  be  more 
clearly  emphasized  and  could  more  definitely  be  brought  before 
the  medical  profession  at  large. 

The  China  Medical  Board  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation 
has  shown  the  great  advantage  of  medical  men  visiting  the 
missionary  hospitals.  The  Presbyterian  Board  has  recently 
sent  out  some  physicians  to  investigate  their  medical  work,  and 
similar  commissions  sent  out  from  year  to  year  would  be  of 
great  help  in  advancing  medical  missionary  work. 

The  Boards  carrying  on  medical  work  should  also  co-oper- 
ate more  intimately  with  one  another  at  home  and  should  pre- 
sent the  cause  of  medical  missions  as  a single  unit. 

Medical  missions  are  now  recognized  as  an  important  part 
of  the  missionary  propaganda.  The  Boards  must  stand  on  the 
side  of  progress  and  see  that  their  hospitals  and  medical 
schools  keep  pace  with  the  medicine  and  surgery  of  Europe 
and  America.  Let  the  Christfan  prove  the  superiority  of  his 
religion,  by  his  superior  knowledge  and  skill  in  the  practical 
application  of  it  to  the  needs  of  the  sick. 

Discussion 

The  Chairman  ; You  have  already  in  your  hands  a pamph- 
let giving  the  letters  from  the  medical  missionaries  relative  to 
their  chief'  difficulties,  with  suggestions  as  to  the  means  of 
strengthening  the  medical  missionary  work. 

The  next  speaker  is  Dr.  B-  C.  Atterbury. 

B.  C.  Atterbury,  M.D.,  New  York,  formerly  of  Peking, 
China : I was  very  much  interested  in  reading  in  the  paper  the 
other  day  a remark  made  by  one  of  the  leading  English  gen- 
erals. He  said  thait  modern  warfare  depended  nowadays, — 
very  different  from  ancient  times, — not  so  much  on  the  number 
of  men  employed  as  it  did  upon  a large  supply  of  ammunition. 
And  he  went  on  to  say  that  a great  change  had  taken  place  in 
the  methods  of  warfare  from  the  olden  times.  A wonderful 
change  has  also  taken  place  in  missionary  methods  all  along  the 
line. 

I well  remember,  when  I was  out  in  China,  an  old  school 
missionary  with  a long  beard  and  a black  cravat  and  a frock 
coat, — magnificent  man  he  was;  I am  not  saying  anything 
against  him, — a man  who  was  strong  on  all  the  theology  of  his 
denomination.  He  was  looking  at  one  of  these  young  mission- 
aries who  had  just  arrived  from  America.  This  younger  man 

6 


had  on  a colored  cravat,  and  just  an  ordinary  suit  of  clothes. 
He  was  able  to  talk  about  golf,  and  about  lawn  tennis,  and  he 
had  a vocabulary  along  these  lines,  though  he  didn’t  seem  to  be 
very  strong  on  denominational  theology.  This  old  time  mis- 
sionary said  to  me  in  a whisper:  “When  I was  a young  man 
and  went  out  as  a missionary,  they  sent  out  men.”  Now,  his 
inference  was  that  this  young  fellow  just  from  America  was 
not  a man.  And  I can’t  help  but  think,  friends,  that  to  cope 
with  the  present  day  proiblems  of  missionary  work,  and  th^ 
increased  intelligence  of  the  natives  of  these  various  countries, 
to  keep  pace  with  the  more  modern  ideas  of  what  real  Chris- 
tianity is,  that  possibly  that  young  fellow  was  better  fitted  than 
that  older  man. 

A wonderful  change  has  taken  place  in  medicine  during  the 
past  few  years.  Why,  among  these  young  graduates  in  medi- 
cine, I feel  like  an  old  mossback.  They  are  talking  in  terms 
that  some  of  us  older  doctors  know  very  little  about.  A revolu- 
tion has  been  witnessed  in  the  whole  range  of  medical  science. 
I am  reminded  of  a story  of  a patient  that  went  to  a specialist, 
and  asked  him  to  give  his  opinion  as  to  what  he  should  do  to 
get  back  his  health ; and  the  specialist  told  him,  “What  you 
want  to  do  is  to  take  all  the.  exercise  you  can.  Be  out  in  the 
open  air.  Use  your  muscles  and  get  just  as  strong  as  possible.” 
The  patient  went  away.  The  next  week  he  went  back  to  the 
same  specialist,  who  looked  him  over,  and,  forgetting  that  he 
had  seen  him  the  week  before,  said,  “Why,  what  you  want  to 
do  is  to  sit  quiet.  You  must  not  take  any  exercise.  Just  sit 
down  as  quietly  as  possible,  and  do  not  worry  and  do  not  fret ; 
do  not  move  any  of  your  muscles  any  more  than  you  can  help.” 
So  the  patient  said,  “Why,  doctor,  last  week  you  told  me  that 
I must  move  around  all  I could,  take  all  the  exercise  possible.” 
And  the  doctor  said,  “Well,  you  see  medical  science  during 
the  past  week  has  made  wonderful  progress.”  That  is  the 
way  it  is  during  even  the  short  time  that  some  of  us  have  lived 
in  this  world ; medical  science  has  made  wonderful  progress. 

The  letters  from  the  medical  missionaries  published  in  this 
little  pamphlet  agree  along  three  points,  and  just  the  points  I 
hope  will  be  thoroughly  discussed  this  afternoon.  These 
answers  come  from  specialists.  They  do  not  come  from  men 
who  are  talking  hot  air,  as  they  say.  They  are  from  men  and 
women  who  know  what  they  are  talking  about  and  who  are 
speaking  from  practical  experience. 

The  first  thing  upon  which  all  these  answers  agree  is  that 
there  has  got  to  be  some  change,  a decided  advance  in  the 
methods  hitherto  employed  in  conducting  medical  work. 


For  instance,  Dr.  Venable  of  Kashing  says:  “I  do  not  wish 
to  disparage  the  medical  mission  work  of  the  past,  but  I be- 
lieve the  time  has  come  for  making  radical  and  sweeping 
changes  in  our  work  in  the  direction  of  consolidation  or  con- 
centration. We  have  spread  out  too  thin.”  Dr.  Norton,  of 
Korea,  writes : “The  time  has  come  when  we  can  no  longer 
get  along  with  the  scanty  outfit  and  slipshod  methods  of  even 
ten  years  ago.  I think  every  hospital  should  be  outfitted  to  do 
the  most  careful  and  scientific  work.”  Dr.  King,  of  Banza, 
Congo : “A  doctor  goes  through  years  of  long,  hard  prepara- 
tion, then  on  the  field  finds  his  hands  tied  through  lack  of  hos- 
pital equipment,  and  he  finds  that  he  must  do  part  of  the  work 
of  a minister  and  part  of  the  work  of  a trained  nurse.” 

Then  there  was  a second  response  which  is  practically  unan- 
imous. All  feel  there  is  a lack  of  financial  support.  TTiis  is  a 
universal  difficulty  felt  by  medical  men.  Dr.  Powell,  of  China, 
says : “My  difficulty  is  chiefly  a financial  one.”  Dr.  Witt, 
Hunan : “I  feel  keenly  the  lack  of  funds.” 

Dr.  Hollenbeck,  of  Africa : “My  difficulties  are  scanty  sup- 
plies and  hospital  equipment.” 

I think  these  excerpts  are  enough  to  show  the  second 
point,  that  all  our  medical  men  feel  somehow  or  other  they 
must  have  more  financial  support  in  order  to  conduct  their 
hospitals  as  they  should  be,  in  order  to  bring  them  up  to  the 
fnodern  standard.  And  the  governments  too  are  beginning 
to  demand  a higher  standard.  Some  way  must  be  found  to 
increase  their  financial  support. 

The  third  point  upon  which  they  all  agree  is  that  they  must 
have  more  assistants  in  every  hospital.  This  means  no  hos- 
pital should  be  left  with  only  one  man.  A one  man  hospital  is 
out  of  date.  A friend  was  telling  me  the  other  day  that  while 
he  has  been  away  something  like  nine  months  from  his  field 
his  hospital  is  shut  up,  a fine  hospital  with  a fine  plant,  because 
he  is  the  only  man  in  it.  He  had  to  go  on  a furlough,  and  his 
hospital  was  closed. 

We  also  need  at  least  one  trained  nurse  in  every  hospital, 
and  also  facilities  for  training  natives.  Listen  to  two  or  three 
extracts  on  this  point. 

Dr.  St.  John  Ward,  Beirut,  Syria:  “Lack  of  satisfactory 
assistants  is  the  real  difficulty.”  Dr.  Allen,  China:  “Lack  of 
trained  nurses.  Also  every  hospital  should  have  a superinten- 
dent to  attend  to  details.” 

Dr.  King,  of  Banza,  Congo:  “I  believe  the  greatest  success 
lies  in  the  medical  education  of  the  natives.” 

Dr.  Judd,  China : “Short  handed.  Till  recently  no  colleague.” 

8 


Dr.  Calverley,  Arabia : “The  lack  of  trained  native  assist- 
ants is  being  met  in  some  places  by  establishing  union  medical 
schools,  but  as  yet  little  has  been  accomplished  along  this  line 
compared  with  what  should  still  be  done.” 

I could  go  on  reading  many  more  of  these  extracts,  but  I 
think  they  show  very  clearly  these  three  points.  First  there  must 
be  some  change  in  the  method  of  conducting  medical  work. 
Second,  there  must  be  some  way  devised  to  give  better  finan- 
cial support  to  our  medical  missionaries.  They  need  hospitals, 
they  need  libraries,  they  need  better  instruments.  And  third, 
every  hospital  should  have  at  least  two  doctors  and  a trained 
nurse,  with  facilities  for  training  natives  to  do  the  detail  work. 

I often  think  this  whole  missionary  work  is  like  the  human 
body  and  its  members.  We  are  the  body,  but  the  head,  the 
brain  is  the  Lord,  who  animates  the  whole.  The  hand  cannot 
say  to  the  foot,  “I  have  no  need  of  you,”  and  the  clerical  man 
must  not  say  to  the  medical  man,  “I  have  no  need  of  you.” 
All  are  necessary.  And  if  I were  going  out  as  a missionary 
now  I do  not  know  which  profession  I would  choose  in  order 
to  do  the  most  good.  All  are  necessary,  and  in  order  to  make 
them  efficient  the  hand  must  be  kept  up  to  the  highest  point 
of  efficiency,  the  foot  kept  in  the  same  healthy  condition  and 
all  parts  of  the  body  under  the  direction  of  the  Head. 

The  following  letter  from  Dr.  Robert  C.  Beebe  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Conference  was  before  the  Conference  in  print : 

CHINA  MEDICAL  MISSIONARY  ASSOCIATION. 

5 Quinsan  Gardens,  Shanghai, 

Oct.  20,  1915. 

My  Dear  Air.  Grant : — 

The  accompanying  resolutions  were  passed  at  the  last  meeting  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  the  China  Medical  Alissionary  Association. 

The  work  being  undertaken  by  the  China  Aledical  Board  of  the 
Rockefeller  Foundation  brings  about  new  conditions  for  medical  mis- 
sionary work  in  China.  That  Board  proposes  to  establish  one  or 
more  medical  schools,  working  in  co-operation  with  the  missionary 
societies,  where  young  men  can  have  as  good  advantages  in  pursuing 
a medical  course,  as  can  be  found  in  the  United  States  or  Europe. 

They  also  propose  to  assist  a certain  number  of  mission  hospitals, 
bringing  them  up  to  a higher  level  of  equipment  and  general  efficiency, 
where  the  graduates  from  their  schools  shall  be  obliged  to  serve  at 
least  a year  as  internes. 

That  these  schools  shall  be  a distinct  addition,  as  designed,  to  mis- 
sionary endeavor,  those  of  the  teaching  force  should  be  men  of  mis- 
sionary spirit  who  are  willing  to  give  their  lives  to  the  work  of  regen- 
erating China.  The  opportunity  to  supply  such  men  is  open  to  the 
missionary  societies  of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain.  The 
need  is  immediate  and  urgent,  and  the  work  of  finding  men  of  superior 
training  and  consecrated  spirit  cannot  be  undertaken  too  soon. 

9 


If  the  schools  and  hospitals  supported  and  aided  by  the  China 
Medical  Board  fail  in  manifesting  an  active  Christian  spirit,  it  will 
be  because  of  the  character  of  the  men  connected  with  them. 

The  China  Medical  Missionary  Association  hopes  that  the  home 
boards  will  fully  realize  the  opportunity  and  responsibility  that  now 
rests  with  them  in  face  of  this  new  situation. 

If  suitable  men  are  not  forthcoming  from  the  missionary  societies 
the  China  Medical  Board  will  be  obliged  to  seek  their  own  candi- 
dates. These  men  may  be  quite  unobjectionable  from  a missionary 
point  of  view,  still  it  is  very  desirable  that  doctors  coming  out  for 
work  under  the  China  Medical  Board  have  affiliation  with  some  mis- 
sion on  the  field.  They  should  be  missionaries  with  a missionary 
spirit 

Will  you  please  bring  the  accompanying  resolutions  before  the 
Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America  and  ask  their  careful 
consideration  of  the  same. 

Very  sincerely  yours, 

ROBERT  C.  BEEBE.. 

P.  S.  Dr.  N.  Worth  Brown  of  our  Medical  School  in  Nanking 
intends  to  be  at  your  Conference  in  January,  and  we  have  asked  him 
to  represent  us  should  it  be  necessary. 

I remember  with  pleasure  our  association  in  the  work  of  the.  gen- 
eral missions  conference  in  New  York.  I am  now  in  Shanghai,  and 
if  I can  be  of  any  service  to  you  I will  be  glad  to  do  anything  in 
my  power. 

The  Chairman:  There  is  a set  of  resolutions  in  the  hands 
of  Dr.  N.  Worth  Brown,  from  the  China  Medical  Missionary 
Association.  We  will  hear  these  now. 

N.  Worth  Brown,  M.D.,  Nanking,  China;  There  is  also  a 
message  from  the  Association,  a very  brief  message,  to  this 
Conference  from  the  China  Medical  Missionary  Association, 
an  organization  including  in  its  membership  of  435  physicians 
almost  without  exception  all  of  the  medical  missionaries  in 
China.  It  is  my  privilege  to  present  to  you  this  message  and 
these  resolutions. 

For  many  years  this  Association  has  held  biennial  meetings 
for  the  purpose  of  discussing  the  scientific  and  administrative 
problems  of  medical  missionaries.  The  China  Medical  Jour- 
nal is  its  official  organ  and  has  been  of  great  assistance  in 
stimulating  the  advancement  of  professional  ideals.  The  ac- 
tivities of  the  Association  cover  a number  of  important  fields. 
Its  Publication  Committee  is  concerned  chiefly  with  the  trans- 
lation of  medical  literature  and  to  this  work  one  physician 
gives  his  entire  time.  The  Council  on  Education,  the  Com- 
mittee of  Public  Health  and  the  Research  Committee  are  all 
promoting  activities  in  their  special  departments.  The  Ex- 
ecutive Committee,  of  which  Dr.  Beebe  is  the  Secretary  with 
headquarters  at  Shanghai,  has  done  much  toward  the  co-ordin- 


10 


ation  of  Medical  work  and  in  a large  measure  determines  our 
policies  in  educational  and  other  questions  of  general  concern 
to  the  medical  body. 

For  the  past  few  years  there  has  been  a growing  movement 
toward  the  intensive  development  of  existing  medical  work, 
and  to  this  end  co-operation  and  amalgamation  have  been 
strongly  agitated  and  in  many  cases  have  already  become  ef- 
fective. Perhaps  the  best  example  is  at  Nanking  where  seven 
American  mission  boards  have  united  in  the  maintenance  of 
one  medical  school.  The  union  of  existing  hospitals  has  in 
several  instances  become  possible  with  a commensurate  in- 
crease in  the  effectiveness  of  the  combined  effort. 

The  function  of  medical  missions  in  China  has  changed. 
They  should  no  longer  be  regarded  as  a temporary  expedient 
to  open  the  way  for  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel  but  as  an 
integral  and  co-ordinate  part  of  the  work  of  the  Christian 
Church  in  China  and  as  such  should  be  placed  on  a permanent 
basis.  To  become  self-perpetuating,  this  form  of  Christian 
service  must  eventually  be  taken  over  by  the  Chinese  Church 
and  the  medical  work  done  by  Chinese  physicians.  To  train 
men  for  this  work  and  to  prepare  physicians  for  leadership  in 
the  medical  profession  is  a problem  \vorthy  of  further  con- 
sideration. 

Missionary  societies  are  responsible  for  the  existence  of  ten 
medical  schools  in  China.  Some  of  these,  considering  their 
very  limited  resources,  are  doing  fairly  creditable  work,  but 
their  development  has  only  begun.  To  those  who  appreciate 
the  refinements  of  modern  medical  education  and  the  stand- 
ards to  which  schools  of  high  grade  should  attain,  our  present 
facilities  seem  hopelessly  inadequate.  To  continue  medical 
education  of  an  inferior  grade  will  place  our  graduates  in  a 
class  below  that  of  men  from  non-Christian  schools  and  bring 
discredit  to  the  missionary  cause.  The  question  is  not,  “How 
many  schools  should  be  conducted  if  we  had  the  necessary  re- 
sources.” but,  “How  many  efficient  schools  can  we  have  with 
the  resources  availalble.”  Should  not  we  have  a definite  policy 
with  regard  to  this  issue,  which,  in  its  application,  would  elim- 
inate the  less  efficient  schools,  concentrate  our  combined  efforts 
on  the  most  important  districts  and  unite  our  forces  w'henever 
possible  with  philanthropic  agencies  which  are  in  sympathy 
with  Christian  missions. 

It  seems  providential  that  just  at  this  critical  stage  in  the 
development  of  medical  education,  the  Rockefeller  Foundation 
should  have  seen  this  unusual  opportunity  for  service  in  China. 
You  are  all  familiar  with  the  report  of  the  special  Commis- 


II 


sion  which  visited  us  in  1914.  As  a result  the  China  Medical 
Board  was  organized,  representatives  of  which  have  recently 
that,  the  institutions  established  will  be,  in  the  words  of  its 
recommendations  of  the  original  commission.  The  members 
of  this  Board  appreciate  the  work  already  done  by  missionary 
agencies  and  are  prepared  to  co-operate  with  them  so  fully, 
that,  the  “institutions  established  will  be,  in  the  words  of  its 
Chairman,  “distinctive  contributions  to  missionary  endeavor.” 
Already  the  Peking  Union  Medical  College  has  been  taken 
over  by  this  Board  and  a large  representation  on  its  Board  of 
Trustees  has  been  given  to  co-operating  societies.  The  Medi- 
cal Departments  of  the  University  of  Nanking  and  of  St., 
John’s  University,  together  with  the  Harvard  Medical  School 
of  China,  have  agreed  to  unite  and  become  amalgamated  with 
the  school  proposed  for  Shanghai.  The  Yale  school  in  Chang- 
sha will  probably  receive  substantial  assistance  from  this  source. 

In  order  to  conserve  our  medical  interests  and  to  perpetuate 
the  work  already  begun  should  not  we  co-operate  with  the 
China  Medical  Board  so  heartily  and  so  effectively  that  the 
institutions  established  and  conducted  under  its  management 
will  in  reality  be  active  agents  in  the  propagation  of  our  Faith 
and  impress  upon  the  leaders  of  the  future  medical  profes- 
sion of  China  the  high  moral  motives  imparted  in  the  teach- 
ings of  our  Master? 

With  this  message  I have  the  following  resolutions,  Mr. 
Chairman,  to  present,  from  China,  the  resolutions  adopted  at 
a meeting  of  the  executive  committee  of  the  China  Medical 
Missionary  Association  held  in  Shanghai,  October  12,  1915. 

RESOLUTIONS  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  OF  THE  CHINA 
MEDICAL  MISSIONARY  ASSOCIATION 

Resolved,  That  we  call  the  attention  of  the  Foreign  Missions  Con- 
ference of  North  America  to  the  unique  opportunity  and  urgent  need 
now  presented  to  the  churches  to  provide  medical  men  to  fill  appoint- 
ments in  the  medical  schools  and  hospitals  at  present  being  estab- 
lished and  developed  by  the  China  Medical  Board  of  the  Rockefeller 
Foundation,  and  that  we  impress  upon  the  Boards  the  very  great 
importance  of  providing  as  soon  as  possible  an  adequate  number 
of  such  Christian  medical  men,  in  order  that  these  institutions,  which 
promise  to  exert  such  great  influence  throughout  China,  may,  from 
the  beginning,  be  maintained  on  a thoroughly  Christian  basis. 

Resolved,  That  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America 
be  asked  to  co-operate  in  securing  a suitable  man  who  shall  give  his 
whole  time  to  the  work  of  finding  candidates  for  medical  missionary 
service  in  China,  of  advising  them  in  their  home  preparation  and 
of  directing  them  to  the  boards  of  the  different  churches. 


12 


Resolved,  That  the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America 
be  further  asked  to  make  provision  for  the  expenses  of  such  a man 
and  that  he  be  instructed  to  work  in  the  closest  possible  co-operation 
with  the  China  Medical  Missionary  Association. 

Resolved,  That  we  call  their  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  work 
of  the  China  Medical  Board  will  make  necessary  in  all  our  mission 
hospitals  better  equipment  and  a higher  grade  of  general  efficiency. 
That  care  must  be  taken  that  the  influence  and  work  of  our  mission 
hospitals  do  not  suffer,  in  the  estimation  of  the  Chinese,  by  com- 
parison with  the  work  of  other  agencies.  That  our  hospitals  must 
have  men  of  the  highest  Christian  ideals,  thorough  professional  train- 
ing and  administrative  ability,  and  that  we  suggest  as  helping  to  bring 
this  about  that  when  practicable,  in  cities  having  more  than  one 
mission  hospital,  the  union  of  medical  work  under  one  administra- 
tion be  secured. 

The  Chairman:  You  have  the  message  and  the  resolutions 
from  the  China  Medical  Missionary  Association  before  you 
for  your  consideration.  You  will  have  it  in  mind  in  your  dis- 
cussions whether  you  are  prepared  to  adopt  by  action  here  or 
whether  you  desire  to  refer  such  resolutions  to  the  Business 
Committee  for  its  recommendations  later. 

Rev.  Arthur  J.  Brown,  D D.  : I venture  to  call  your  atten- 
tion to  the  fact  that  this  is  a part  of  the  report  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Reference  and  Counsel.  You  will  notice  the  third 
paragraph.  The  Committee  received,  after  going  to  press,  an 
important  communication  from  the  Rev.  E.  C.  Lobenstine, 
D.D.,  Secretary  of  the  China  Continuation  Committee.  That 
was  officially  sent  to  the  Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel 
with  a request  that  the  Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel 
adopt  it.  It  having  arrived  after  the  last  meeting  of  the  Com- 
mittee of  Reference  and  Counsel,  it  is  in  the  hands  of  a sub- 
committee of  that  Committee,  of  which  James  L.  Barton  is 
chairman,  and  you  will  notice  on  page  14 : “These  requests  of 
the  China  Medical  Board  and  the  China  Continuation  Com- 
mittee arrived  too  late  for  consideration  at  the  last  meeting 
before  this  report  had  to  go  to  press.  The  Committee  will 
bring  in  recommendations  regarding  them  at  this  session  of  the 
Conference.”  This  matter  is  on  the  docket  to  be  considered 
at  a meeting  at  6:15  this  evening,  at  which  time  Dr.  Barton 
expects  to  present  some  recommendations  which  will  be  pre- 
sented to  the  Conference  as  part  of  the  report  of  the  Commit- 
tee of  Reference  and  Counsel  tomorrow. 

The  Chairman:  Will  Dr.  Brown  kindly  tell  us  from  what 
document  he  is  now  reading? 

Dr.  a.  J.  Brown  : The  preliminary  reports  of  the  Con- 
ference. 

Dr.  George  Heber  Jones  : It  is  the  document  which  is  in 


13 


the  hands  of  all  the  members  of  the  Conference  entitled  “Pre- 
Conference  Reports,”  on  page  13,  at  the  bottom  of  the  page. 

The  Chairman  : I understand  then  the  Committee  of  Ar- 
rangements has  placed  upon  the  docket  a question  which  is  to 
be  reported  upon  by  the  Reference  and  Counsel  Committee. 
That  being  the  case,  we  will  know  exactly  what  procedure  to 
take,  namely,  to  take  no  action  upon  the  resolutions,  but  to 
have  them  reported  through  the  proper  committee. 

Dr.  Brown  : I may  say  the  Committee  of  Reference  and 
Counsel  hasn’t  the  smallest  interest  in  handling  the  matter.  It 
appears  in  the  report  simply  because  it  was  sent  to  the  Com- 
mittee through  the  chairman  and  was  handed  to  Dr.  Barton 
through  the  Committee,  but  we  have  no  interest  in  handling  it. 
I say  this  simply  for  information. 

The  Chairman  : It  will  be  a matter  of  information  to 
know  just  where  we  are,  in  reference  to  the  resolutions.  They 
are  clearly  in  the  hands  of  a committee  and  will  be  reported  on 
in  the  usual  order.  We  have  before  us  then  the  whole  sub- 
ject, the  formal  address  having  been  presented  and  these  reso- 
lutions as  a part  of  our  information.  Are  there  any  further 
communications?  I have  heard  that  there  may  be  some  sug- 
gestions from  Dr.  Avison. 

Dr.  E.  L.  Smith  : The  recommendations  that  you  have  just 
referred  to  are  contained  in  this  four-page  letter  to  the  Foreign 
Missions  Boards,  which  was,  I think,  sent  out  by  Mr.  Grant 
in  April  last.  [The  letter  referred  to  is  quoted  in  full  below.] 

There  was  held  in  New  York  on  the  16th  of  March  last 
a conference  of  those  who  are  interested  in  medical  missions 
and  some  of  the  physicians  in  New  York  who  were  also  in- 
terested, but  who  were  not  missionaries.  Partly  as  a result  of 
that  meeting  there  were  framed  some  recommendations  to 
this  Conference.  Perhaps  I might  indicate  in  a few  words 
what  these  recommendations  are.  They  come  to  us  under 
the  name  of  Dr.  Avison,  by  whom  I think  they  were  presented. 

The  first  one  is : “The  first  element  of  the  plan  recommend- 
ed by  this  Conference  would  be  the  co-operation  of  all  boards 
and  all  the  medical  work  of  a given  region.”  That  point  is 
emphasized  because  of  the  duplication  to  which  our  attention 
has  already  been  called  this  afternoon, — three  or  four  phy- 
sicians in  a field,  no  one  of  them  specialists,  each  duplicating 
the  work  of  another-  Hospitals,  two  or  three  in  a field,  but 
not  efficient,  as  they  would  be  were  they  combined.  The  co- 
operation of  all  boards  and  all  the  medical  work  of  a given 
region  is  therefore  the  first  element  of  this  new  policy  recom- 
mended. 


14 


Second:  “The  separation  of  funds  for  medical  work  from 
those  for  general  work.”  This  is  something  quite  different, 
the  recommendation  that  the  funds  used  by  the  various  mis- 
sion boards  for  medical  work  be  separate  from  the  funds  of 
those  boards  which  are  used  for  general  work. 

Third : “The  appointment  of,  first,  a secretary  at  the  home 
base  to  have  general  oversight  of  the  medical  work  and  the 
raising  of  funds  for  this  special  phase  of  medical  activity ; 
and,  secondly,  a home  base  made  up  largely  of  professional 
men  whose  professional  standing  and  high  Christian  character 
would  secure  the  highest  ideals  for  the  work. 

“A  medical  mission  work  thus  planned  and  supported  would 
doubtless  attract  the  gifts  of  many  not  otherwise  interested  in 
mission  work,  and  the  work  thus  be  carried  on  at  a much  high- 
er standard,  without  encroaching  upon  the  funds  of  any  other 
forms  of  mission  enterprise,  but  rather  win  new  contributors 
to  all  the  funds.  This  opinion  is  formed  by  the  experience  of 
those  boards  in  Great  Britain  which  have  given  the  plan  of 
separate  funds  for  medical  work  a fair  trial.” 

These,  Mr.  Chairman,  are  the  suggestions  which  come  to 
us  under  the  name  of  Dr.  Avison,  and  I move  that  they  be  re- 
ferred to  the  Business  Committee,  to  be  taken  into  consider- 
ation by  that  committee  in  the  framing  of  any  possible  recom- 
mendations that  they  may  make  to  the  Conference  at  a later 
time. 


FOUR-PAGE  LETTER 

To  the  Foreign  Missions  Boards,  in  re  Medical  Missions: 

An  informal  meeting  attended  by  a few  medical  missionaries,  physi- 
cians practicing  in  America,  and  several  board  secretaries  and  board 
members  was  held  at  the  Peg  Woffington  Coffee  House,  New  York, 
March  16,  1915.  The  object  of  the  meeting  was  to  consider  methods 
for  strengthening  the  medical  missionary  work.  A special  committee 
nominated  and  elected  by  the  meeting  was  appointed  to  bring  the  mat- 
ters under  discussion  to  the  attention  of  the  foreign  missions  boards, 
the  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North  America,  the  Medical  Sec- 
tion of  the  Edinburgh  Continuation  Committee  and  such  other  organ- 
izations as  should  be  informed. 

The  committee  charged  with  this  duty  is  as  follows : Dr.  O.  R.  Avi- 
son. Chairman,  medical  missionary,  Seoul,  Korea;  Dr.  A.  J.  A.  Alex- 
ander, Presbyterian  Church  U.  S.,  South.  Spring  Station,  Ky. ; Dr. 
William  Seaman  Bainbridge,  surgeon.  New  York;  and  W.  Henry 
Grant,  Secretary  Foreign  Missions  Conference. 

In  consideration  of  the  informal  and  unofficial  character  of  the  meet- 
ing, the  Committee  in  presenting  the  following  matters  to  the  boards 
for  their  consideration  desires  that  they  be  regarded  rather  as  sugges- 
tive than  as  definite  recommendations. 

I.  In  reply  to  the  question  as  to  “How  can  medical  men  in  this 
country  be  most  successfully  approached  and  interested  in  our  medical 

15 


missionary  work.”  suggestions  were  made  by  doctors  practicing  in 
America.  The  first  emphasized  the  need  of  publicity  through  medical 
journals  and  public  meetings,  large  and  small.  The  second  called  at- 
tention to  the  respect  gained  for  medical  missionaries  through  their 
personal  reports  of  interesting  cases  and  their  evident  desire  to  per- 
fect themselves  in  their  profession  by  post-graduate  work  during  their 
furloughs. 

II.  The  committee  would  call  your  attention  to  the  action  of  the 
Medical  Missionary  Conference  held  in  connection  with  the  World 
Missionary  Conference  at  Edinburgh,  1910. 

“This  Sectional  Meeting  of  Medical  Delegates,  medical  missionaries, 
and  other  medical  practitioners  interested  in  the  medical  aspects  of 
missionary  work,  is  of  opinion  that  there  is  urgent  need  of  some  means 
of  communication  between  the  medical  missionaries  in  the  field  and 
medical  workers  at  home,  whether  in  the  department  of  medical  mis- 
sions or  in  the  health  department,  and  considers  that  this  can  best  be 
done  by  drawing  together  the  existing  organizations  in  the  mission 
field  and  in  the  homelands,  and  requests  the  committee  which  has  or- 
ganized the  present  medical  conference  to  take  this  matter  into  con- 
sideration, and  to  take  such  action  as  may  be  required  to  achieve  the 
desired  result.” 

III.  The  following  extract  from  the  Report  of  the  Committee  of 
Reference  and  Counsel  to  Foreign  Missions  Conference  of  North 
America,  January,  1915 : 

“Four  societies  have  separate  arrangements  for  maintaining  and  ad- 
ministering medical  missions : 

“The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  has  had  a medical 
mission  fund  for  five  years,  kept  entirely  distinct  from  the  ordinary 
funds.  It  is  responsible  for  all  the  medical  work  carried  on  by  the 
society,  and  since  its  inception  no  grant  has  been  made  from  the  gen- 
eral fund  towards  medical  missions.  There  is,  however,  a trust  fund 
for  building  hospitals,  which  is  administered  by  the  governing  body 
and  partly  meets  the  needs  for  hospital  buildings.  The  medical  fund 
is  under  the  direction  of  a special  committee,  and  in  the  judgment  of 
the  society,  since  the  policy  of  having  a separate  fund  and  committee 
for  medical  work  was  adopted,  the  fund  has  increased  at  an  average 
rate  of  £2,000  per  annum,  the  medical  department  has  been  the  means 
of  winning  considerable  increase  in  support  of  the  general  fund,  the 
efficiency  of  the  work  abroad  has  been  promoted. 

“The  Church  Missionary  Society  established  a medical  mission  auxili- 
ary fund  in  1886,  but  this  was  not  at  first  a success ; but  in  1891,  a 
medical  auxiliary  committee  was  formed  to  raise  money  and  make 
grants  for  special  things  required  over  and  above  grants  made  from 
the  general  funds  of  the  society.  The  responsibilities  of  this  auxiliary 
were  enlarged  from  time  to  time,  until  in  1909,  it  undertook  the  whole 
of  the  expenditure  in  maintaining  the  medical  missions  of  the  society, 
including  the  provision  of  buildings,  and  no  part  of  the  general  fund 
of  the  society  is  allotted  to  medical  mission  work.  The  result  of  the 
appointment  of  this  auxiliary  has  been  most  encouraging.  The  funds 
at  their  disposal  have  increased  from  £1,400  in  1892  to  £42,819  in  1912. 
The  secretary  writes : T am  confident  that  it  is  a most  important  matter 
to  have  a special  medical  mission  fund,  as  it  induces  people  to  give  who 
would  not  give  to  ordinary  mission  work.  Unfortunately,  there  some- 
times seems  to  be  a competition  between  the  medical  and  other  funds, 
and  this  feeling  should  be  guarded  against  as  far  as  possible.’ 

i6 


“The  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society  has  a separate  medical  fund  and 
finds  that  many  people  are  willing  to  give  to  this  work  to  whom  ordi- 
nary mission  appeals'  do  not  come  home.  At  present,  their  separate 
fund  does  not  come  anywhere  near  the  amount  which  they  annually 
spend  on  medical  mission  work.  The  balance  is  taken  from  the  gen- 
eral funds  of  the  society.  The  administration  of  the  medical  fund  is 
not  in  the  hands  of  a separate  committee,  though  there  is  a board  of 
physicians  to  advise  the  society  in  regard  to  medical  expenditure.  The 
ideal  to  which  we  are  working  is  to  obtain  a medical  fund  that  will  be 
amply  sufficient  for  the  maintenance  of  all  such  work  that  the  society 
carries  on,  including  the  salaries  of  missionaries,  the  necessary  buildings 
and  all  other  costs  inevitable  to  such  work.  When  we  reach  that  mark 
I think  it  exceedingly  probable  the  committee  here  would  put  the  man- 
agement of  medical  mission  work  into  the  hands  of  a separate  commit- 
tee, having  its  own  secretary  and  carrying  on  its  own  work,  subject  al- 
ways to  the  general  committee  of  the  society;  but  that  is  a goal  that  is 
at  present,  I am  sorry  to  say,  out  of  sight 

“The  Baptist  Missionary  Society  has  a special  medical  mission  auxili- 
ary fund  which  is  kept  quite  distinct  from  the  general  funds  of  the 
society,  and  is  administered  by  the  Auxiliary  Committee.  The  medical 
mission  work  is  entirely  dependent  upon  the  funds  which  the  medical 
mission  auxiliary  may  be  able  to  raise  for  its  prosecution.  The  admin- 
istration of  the  medical  mission  fund  is  in  the  hands  of  a special  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  committee  of  the  society,  and  reporting  all  its 
actions  to  it  for  confirmation.  In  regard  to  the  value  of  the  fund  as  an 
auxiliary  of  the  society,  the  secretary  writes : ‘The  medical  mission  fund 
has  manifested  a very  definite  growth  during  the  past  eleven  years.  In 
its  first  year  it  only  totalled  £432.  At  the  end  of  its  eleventh  year  in 
March,  1913,  the  total  income  was  £11,706.  The  contributions  thus  ob- 
tained were  almost  wholly  new-found  help  elicited  through  the  presenta- 
tion of  the  special  medical  mission  appeal.  As  to  the  judgment  of  our 
committee  upon  the  advantage  or  otherwise  of  having  a medical  mis- 
sion auxiliary,  there  is  a preponderating  opinion  in  favor  of  the  course, 
though  it  is  equally  true  to  say  that  there  are  some  who  would  like  to 
see  no  separate  funds  and  no  special  appeal.” 

IV.  The  Memoranda  Concerning  Co-operation  in  Medical  Mission 
Work  presented  by  Dr.  O.  R.  Avison  of  Korea  to  the  meeting,  March 
16,  1915; 

“(1)  A medical  missionary  plant  cannot  be  made  to  yield  the  best 
results  as  a missionary  agency  without  at  the  same  time  being  itself 
developed  to  a high  state  of  medical  efficiency  representing  a high  pro- 
fessional standard  of  work. 

“(2)  While  some  of  our  medical  institutions  have  been  considerably 
improved  in  recent  years,  many  of  them  still  have  very  inferior  build- 
ings, inadequate  equipment,  too  few  workers  and  insufficiency  of  funds 
for  current  expenses. 

“(3)  While  our  dispensaries  and  hospitals  as  they  have  existed  have 
served  a useful  purpose  in  introducing  the  Gospel  to  large  numbers 
and  may  continue  to  do  this  service  for  some  time  to  come,  it  is  evi- 
dent that  as  government  institutions  of  a better  type  are  established  and 
our  poorer  ones  are  seen  in  comparison,  ours  will  lose  in  influence  and 
must  be  improved  to  meet  the  new  conditions ; and  while  the  simple 
hospital  service  has  accomplished  much,  it  is  manifest  that  a greater 
and  more  permanent  service  can  be  done  by  producing  a body  of 
Christian  native  practitioners,  trained  in  modern  methods  who  will  still 

1/ 


more  widely  extend  the  service  and  be  men  of  influence  in  all  the  com- 
munities in  which  they  may  live,  conbining  in  themselves  strong  Chris- 
tian faith,  a thoroughly  scientific  knowledge  and  an  ability  to  serve 
their  fellow-men  through  their  profession  in  a most  useful  way  and  in 
manifestation  of  the  loving  spirit  of  Christ — and  so  is  seen  the  need 
for  thoroughly  scientific  and  modern  medical  teaching  as  a part  of  our 
missionary  activity. 

“(4)  While  any  single  hoard  may  equip,  man  and  support  one  or 
more  hospitals  in  any  given  field,  it  is  evident  that  each  board  cannot 
provide  and  carry  on  in  each  field  a medical  teaching  institution  such  as 
present-day  ideals  call  for,  but  this  can  be  done  by  all  the  boards  unit- 
ing in  establishing  and  conducting  one  such  institution  in  each  field. 

“(5)  It  must  be  noted,  however,  that  up  to  the  present  time  the 
boards  working  separately  have  not  been  able  to  establish  and  conduct 
even  the  simple  hospitals  and  dispensaries  in  an  effective  way,  and  even 
in  these  elementary  forms  of  work  co-operation  is  desirable. 

“(6)  Furthermore,  if  we  are  to  be  allowed  by  Government  to  con- 
tinue in  this  branch  of  work,  great  advances  must  be  made  in  all  our 
medical  plants,  and  we  have  no  alternative  but  to  face  this  situation  and 
remodel  our  plans  and  methods  in  such  a way  as  will  enable  us  to 
bring  the  standard  of  all  our  medical  institutions  at  least  up  to  the 
point  of  efficiency  required  by  Government.  A plan  for  reorganizing 
our  medical  work  which  is  to  a considerable  extent  the  outcome  of  sug- 
gestions made  by  doctors,  board  secretaries  and  others  is  herewith  sub- 
mitted for  consideration.  This  plan  would  call  for ; 

“The  co-operation  of  all  the  boards  in  all  the  medical  work  of  a 
given  region. 

“The  separation  of  funds  for  medical  work  from  those  of  the  general 
work. 

“The  appointment  of 

“(a)  A secretary  at  the  Home  Base  to  have  general  oversight  of  the 
medical  work  and  the  raising  of  funds  for  this  special  phase  of  mis- 
sionary activity. 

“(b)  A Home  Base  Advisory  Committee  made  up  largely  of  medical 
men  whose  professional  standing  and  high  Christian  character  would 
insure  the  highest  ideals  for  the  work  both  in  professional  standards 
and  evangelistic  methods  and  at  the  same  time  enlist  and  hold  the 
confidence  of  those  able  and  willing  to  give  to  a work  plainly  worthy 
of  their  interest. 

“(c)  Field  Committees  of  the  medical  men  of  given  districts  to  ad- 
vise the  missions  and  boards  as  to  location,  standard,  equipment  and 
manning  of  the  various  hospitals  and  to  pass  upon  their  budgets. 

“A  medical  mission  work  thus  planned  and  supported  would  doubt- 
less attract  the  gifts  of  many  not  otherwise  interested  in  mission  work, 
and  the  work  thus  carried  on  at  a much  higher  standard  without  en- 
croaching upon  the  funds  for  other  forms  of  missionary  enterprise, 
but  rather  winning  new  contributors  to  all  the  funds.  This  opinion  is 
confirmed  by  the  experiences  of  those  boards  in  Great  Britain  which 
have  given  the  plan  of  separate  funds  for  medical  work  a fair  trial.” 

The  committee  believes  that  the  departmentalizing  of  medical  mis- 
sionary work  by  the  boards,  under  the  general  supervision  of  medical 
committees  on  the  field  and  the  co-operation  of  physicians  in  America, 
will  go  far  towards  strengthening  the  medical  work  of  the  missionary 
boards,  relieving  rather  than  adding  to  their  heavy  budgets  while  giving 
them  a more  direct  control  of  the  medical  work  as  a whole. 


i8 


The  Committee  of  Arrangements  for  the  Annual  Conference  was 
also  requested  to  make  a place  on  the  program  at  its  next  meeting  for 
the  discussion  of  the  matters  contained  in  this  document  and  to  ap- 
point some  one  to  present  the  same.  The  chairman  and  the  secretary 
of  the  Committee  of  Arrangements  agreed  to  recommend  to  the  com- 
mittee that  Medical  Missions  should  be  made  a special  topic  at  the  next 
Annual  Conference. 

Respectfully  submitted, 

W.  Henry  Grant, 

For  the  Committee. 

The  Chairman:  You  hear  the  motion  of  Dr.  Smith. 
What  is  your  pleasure?  You  may  remark  upon  it,  discuss  it 
at  this  time,  or  make  this  reference  and  proceed  to  discuss  the 
generail  question.  Is  there  a second  to  the  motion  to  refer? 

Dr.  George  Heber  Jones:  I was  wondering,  Mr.  Chair- 
man, if  the  Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  are  to  con- 
sider the  matter,  if  it  might  not  be  well  to  have  these  papers 
first  go  to  them,  the  proposals  of  Dr-  Avison  and  those  that 
came  from  the  China  Medical  Missionary  Association,  so  that 
they  could  have  the  whole  matter  before  them ; and  when  they 
bring  it  in,  have  it  then  referred  to  the  Business  Committee. 

The  Chairman:  I have  no  judgment  in  the  matter.  I 
think  that  procedure  would  probably  unify  the  action  and 
bring  all  the  elements  together. 

Dr.  Smith  : I will  change  that  motion  to  that  effect. 

The  Chairman:  Dr.  Smith  changes  his  motion.  As 
many  as  favor  this  motion  will  say  “Aye.”  It  is  carried. 

The  general  subject  is  still  before  you  with  all  this  material 
which  has  been  presented,  and  the  discussion  is  open. 

Rev.  Arthur  C.  Baldwin  : I would  like  to  ask  one  ques- 
tion, and  I would  like  to  have  an  answer  from  the  missionaries 
themselves.  Do  they  believe  in  this  equipment,  this  increase  of 
their  material  forces,  so  much  that  they  are  willing  to  concen- 
trate in  order  to  have  it? 

We  are  sadly  aware  that  our  resources  from  this  end 
are  pretty  well  defined.  We  may  grow'  in  ten  years, 
but  we  do  not  grow  very  rhuch  in  one  year.  Now,  with  that 
marked  definition  of  income,  are  the  missionary  bodies  will- 
ing, when  they  come  to  a choice  of  one  good  hospital  or  two 
poorly  equipped  hospitals,  to  choose  the  one  good  one?  Are 
the  missionaries  willing,  if  they  are  to  choose  between  two  doc- 
tors for  one  hospital,  or  two  hospitals  each  having  one  doctor 
only,  to  choose  the  one  hospital  with  two  doctors?  If  the  field 
has  so  much  money  for  the  year  for  all  its  work,  educational, 
evangelistic,  medical,  and  for  training  and  all  the  rest, — are 
they  willing  to  deny  themselves  something  in  evangelistic  and 
educational  work  in  order  to  strengthen  the  medical  work? 

19 


That  is  to  say,  do  all  missionary  bodies  believe  in  this  neces- 
sity enough  to  cut  of¥  somewhere  else  in  order  to  do  a more 
intensive  work,  a better  equipped  work  than  they  have  before? 

It  seems  to  me  that  the  boards  have  probably  erred  in  ex- 
panding too  far.  We  have  reached  out  here  and  there 
and  the  other  place.  We  have  put  the  flag  up  way 
ahead,  and  now  we  are  saying  to  our  churches.  Come 
up  to  this  line  where  we  ought  to  entrench,  but  the  churches 
are  not  coming  up  very  fast.  Shall  we  bring  the  flag  back 
to  the  line  where  they  are?  Of  course  we  want  as  missionary 
boards  to  bid  the  churches  to  come  up,  but  I think  it  comes 
to  this  practical  application:  if  the  missionary  bodies  are  not 
going  to  make  some  modifications  in  order  to  intensify,  that 
the  boards  should  resolve  not  to  extend  in  the  future, — not 
another  new  hospital  until  we  have  adequately  equipped  the 
hospitals  and  the  work  we  already  have. 

E.  St.  John  Ward,  M.D.,  of  Beirut,  Syria : I am  secretary 
and  treasurer  of  the  Medical  Missionary  Association  of  Tur- 
key. I regret  very  much  that  the  announcement  of  this  meet- 
ing came  at  a time  when  it  was  almost  impossible  to  get  our 
Association  together  to  convey  an  official  message  to  you.  I 
feel  that  we  have  a very  distinct  message,  and  I feel  it  incum- 
bent upon  me  to  give  it,  because  I am  the  only  man  here  per- 
haps who  can  do  it. 

I desire  to  speak  of  our  great  need  for  men,  because  our 
hearts  are  bleeding  these  days.  Four  of  our  best  medical 
missionaries  in  Turkey  have  died  within  the  last  month  from 
typhus  fever, — a terrible  blow  to  the  work.  If  we  were  short 
of  men  before,  we  need  them  more  and  more  after  this  terrible 
loss,  and  most  of  you  know  what  Turkey  is  going  through  these 
days. 

In  answer  to  the  remarks  made  by  the  last  speaker,  I would 
say  that  the  Medical  Missionary  Association  of  Turkey  be- 
lieves in  concentration.  It  does  not  believe  in  diffused  work 
in  all  parts  of  the  country.  Perhaps  that  is  due  to  local  con- 
ditions in  Turkey.  There  are  already  a great  many  native 
doctors  who  are  going  to  the  interior  places,  and  it  is  no  longer 
a mere  question  of  getting  some  sort  of  medical  help  to  every- 
body. It  is  getting  the  right  kind  of  medical  help  in  the  right 
spirit  to  the  people  who  can  be  touched  by  the  message  of  the 
gospel ; and  that  is  our  purpose  there.  And  we  believe  to  in- 
crease our  efficiency  in  the  Near  East  we  must  concentrate 
wisely.  In  that  respect  we  must  have  men  of  the  best  quality. 
I have  been  interested  in  the  few  months  that  I have  had  here 
in  America  in  going  among  medical  schools  trying  to  find  out 


20 


why  men  are  not  coming  forward  and  going  into  medical  mis- 
sionary work ; and  I want  to  say  one  or  two  special  things 
along  that  line,  because  they  are  practical  points,  and  I think 
they  ought  to  influence  those  of  you  who  are  looking  for  medi- 
cal men. 

A remark  was  made  to  me  by  a man  in  the  graduating  class 
of  the  Columbia  Medical  School.  He  said ; “I  do  not  want 
to  apply  to  a missiionary  board  because  they  want  little  tin 
gods  on  wheels.”  I looked  a bit  surprised  and  said : “What 
do  you  mean?”  “Well,”  he  said,  “I  can’t  measure  up  to  the 
qualifications  which  they  put  down  in  their  papers.  It  is  im- 
possible for  anybody  to  do  that.”  You  people  must  realize 
that  there  is  no  one  quite  so  humble  as  a good  medical  man. 
He  knows  his  own  deficiencies,  he  knows  his  own  limitations ; 
and  if  you  want  to  get  the  best  men,  do  not  make  your  quali- 
fications in  print  quite  so  high,  but  study  the  type  of  man  you 
have  got,  note  his  spirit,  and  the  interest  he  puts  into  his  work. 

There  is  a strong  tendency  in  the  medical  profession  today 
toward  specialization.  If  you  will  take  that  interesting  and 
illuminating  pamphlet,  “The  Profession  of  Medicine,”  which 
has  just  been  published  by  the  Harvard  Medical  School,  you 
wiH  be  surprised  to  find  how  large  a proportion  of  the  recent 
graduates  of  medical  schools  are  going  into  specialties.  It  is 
a tendency  which  the  missionary  boards  must  face.  I went 
among  the  medical  schools  and  spoke  to  a number  of  students 
and  asked  them  why  they  were  not  applying  for  positions  in 
the  foreign  field.  They  said,  “I  want  to  do  this  specialty,”  or 
“I  want  to  do  that  specialty.”  I said,  there  is  a chance  for 
you  on  the  field  to  specialize.  In  many  hospitals  they  want 
both  a surgeon  and  a physician ; in  some  schools  they  want  a 
man  who  is  a bacteriologist ; in  another  place  they  want  a man 
who  is  an  eye  specialist.”  Their  eyes  opened  and  they  said : 
“Is  that  the  situation?  We  didn’t  know  there  was  any  place 
in  the  mission  field  for  specialists.”  I think  we  must  face  this 
tendency  to  specialize,  and  that  is  one  reason  why  there  will 
be  a distinct  adantage  in  this  element  of  concentration. 

Now  a few  words  in  regard  to  equipment,  in  which  I am  a 
strong  believer.  If  a man  is  going  to  do  good  work  he  must 
have  good  equipment.  There  is  no  sense  in  a man  going  out 
to  the  foreign  field  and  doing  poor  work.  When  I went  out, 
though  I was  going  into  pioneer  work,  I told  the  Board  very 
frankly  that  I thought  it  was  good  economy  to  give  me  a good 
outfit ; and  they  did,  and  they  never  regretted  it. 

But  I think  there  is  a limit  to  it.  My  heart  is  not  in  the 
medical  work  simply  because  it  is  medical,  just  simply  because 


21 


it  is  dealing  out  pills  or  doing  operations.  My  heart  is  in  the 
medical  work  because  it  is  going  to  bring  about  the  kingdom  of 
Christ  in  the  foreign  field.  Medical  missions  are  especially 
important  in  Moslem  lands,  where  we  have  that  problem  which 
is  perhaps  the  greatest  problem  of  the  Christian  Church  in 
these  days, — the  problem  of  Islam,  and  we  want  equipment, 
but  the  equipment  is  a means  to  the  end : to  get  at  the  people ; 
to  show  forth  the  spirit  of  Jesus  Christ  in  our  work.  There- 
fore I should  advise  that  fewer  hospitals  be  established,  but 
they  should  be  well  equipped  with  all  essentials, — nothing  extra, 
perhaps,  but  all  the  essentials, — and  that  they  should  be  care- 
fully nurtured  so  that  they  will  conduce  to  that  ultimate  pur- 
pose of  the  missionary  cause  in  the  foreign  field.  This  can 
be  done  a great  deal  better  than  it  has  been  done  in  the  past,  by 
careful  concerted  action. 

There  should  be  an  interdenominational  organization  on  the 
field  to  co-ordinate  the  various  features  of  the  work,  help  in 
the  purchase  of  supplies,  and  advise  in  regard  to  building.  I 
have  appreciated  perhaps  nothing  better  in  my  position  as 
secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  Medical  Missionary  Association 
than  to  have  letters  from  medical  missionaries  from  Denmark, 
Germany,  England,  asking  my  advice  about  building,  about 
buying  materials,  or  about  the  kind  of  a sterilizer.  That  form 
of  co-operation  can  be  done  through  the  local  organization,  as 
it  is  done  in  China  through  the  China  Medical  Missionary 
Association,  and  is  done  in  Turkey  in  a small  measure  through 
our  medical  missionary  organization. 

I think  there  should  be  the  same  element  of  co-opera- 
tion in  this  country.  There  are  many  pieces  of  apparatus 
which  are  very  expensive.  They  are  in  a sense  essential.  But 
it  may  be  so  arranged  that  one  man  who  has  the  specialty  for 
a particular  kind  of  disease, — we  will  say  kidney  disease  and 
bladder  disease, — should  not  be  deprived  of  the  right  of  hav- 
ing a cystoscope  and  the  electrical  apparatus  necessary.  Per- 
haps his  neighbor  in  the  next  town  or  city  cannot  afford  that, 
but  he  can  send  his  cases  to  the  man  who  has  the  cystoscope. 
That  is  merely  a concrete  example  of  how  co-operation  can 
take  place.  And  it  may  be  arranged  to  advantage  at  the  home 
base  as  well  as  on  the  field. 

We  are  planning  in  the  period  of  reconsitruction  which  is 
bound  to  follow  the  war  in  what  we  call  the  Near  East,  to 
make  a new  start  in  the  line  of  co-operation,  which  will  be 
international  and  interdenominational ; to  make  a start  which 
shall  look  into  the  future,  co-ordinating  hospitals  with  medical 
schools,  co-ordinating  preparatory  schools  with  the  medical 


22 


schools  and  colleges,  and  following  up  the  graduates  of  the 
medical  schools  and  seeing  that  they  go  back  into  their  homes 
to  carry  out  in  their  lives  the  spirit  of  the  teachings  which 
they  have  had  in  the  schools.  We  have  conducted  this  work 
by  a sort  of  hit  or  miss  policy,  and  it  has  meant  a great  deal 
of  failure  in  the  past.  I think  we  can  do  a great  deal  better, 
and  I hope  that  we  can  make  a new  start  as  soon  as  this  war 
is  over.  It  is  for  that  purpose  that  we  are  approaching  the 
Rockefeller  Foundation,  hoping  it  will  do  in  Turkey  and  the 
Near  East  what  it  is  now  doing  or  promising  to  do  in  China. 

J.  D.  Van  Buskirk,  M.D.,  of  Seoul,  Korea:  I speak  for 
Korea  where  there  are  between  thirty  and  forty  medical  mis- 
sionaries and  an  auxiliary  of  the  China  Medical  Missionary 
Association.  We  have  a Union  Medical  College,  in  which  I 
am  working,  in  which  four  Presbyterian,  two  Methodist  bodies, 
and  the  Church  of  England  are  co-operating.  That  shows 
how  much  we  are  willing  to  get  together  on  the  field ; and  we 
are  trying  to  get  the  work  on  that  basis  well  established,  to 
make  that  one  place  a centre  to  which  the  others  can  come  and 
receive  help. 

We  realize  that  there  is  need  in  other  lines,  and  we  are  not 
trying  to  take  a thing  from  anybody  else.  What  we  are  after 
this  afternoon  is  not  to  ask  the  clerical  brethren  or  the  school 
men  to  sacrifice  for  the  medical  work ; it  is  how  can  we  de- 
velop the  resources  of  America  to  get  more  for  us  all? — to 
get  libraries  in  the  schools  and  colleges,  to  get  more  preachers, 
and  to  get  better  places,  to  get  more  equipment  for  the  hos- 
pitals. Instead  of  dividing  the  loaf  we  want  to  get  more  loaves. 

We  want,  again,  to  get  a definite  idea  as  to  what  we  are 
going  to  do, — a policy;  and  I think  that  this  Conference  could 
do  nothing  better  than  to  propose  a definite  policy  for  medical 
missionary  work.  Do  we  believe  that  it  is  right  and  necessary 
to  have  two  men  in  one  institution,  two  doctors  and  nurses 
at  least  there?  If  so,  after  this  committee  has  reported,  let 
us  bring  in  recommendations  to  the  boards  to  work  to  that 
ideal  and  get  there  as  fast  as  we  possibly  can.  Have  a policy 
and  work  towards  it. 

Each  board  should  have  a committee  studying  its  medi- 
cal work  and  its  problems, — ^that  is,  specializing  in  medical 
mission  work.  That  will  develop  the  policy  for  that  board. 
The  boards  of  North  America  in  round  numbers  send  ten  per 
cent,  of  their  men  into  medical  work,  but  I have  not  found  yet, 
in  some  of  the  mission  boards  at  least,  one  doctor  of  medicine. 
I "think  that  one  of  the  biggest  forward  steps  that  could  be 
made  would  be  for  each  board  to  get  a doctor  and  hitch  him  up 

23 


to  its  medical  problem.  You  have  lawyers,  merchants,  bankers, 
preachers  on  the  boards.  There  are  consecrated  doctors  who 
love  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  if  you  get  them  harnessed 
there  will  be  some  help  coming  for  the  medical  missionary 
work. 

The  plan  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation  to  establish  medical 
schools  in  China  is  the  biggest  opportunity  that  has  come  before 
the  churches  of  America  along  medical  missionary  lines ; and 
if  the  churches  of  America  do  not  send  medical  missionaries 
to  fill  those  places,  other  men  will  be  sent.  It  is  our  oppor- 
tunity to  mold  the  medical  life  of  a nation,  and  that  nation 
one-quarter  of  the  people  on  this  earth. 

In  Korea  we  face  a critical  situation.  The  Japanese  Gov- 
ernment is  establishing  adequately  equipped  medical  institu- 
tions. I know  places  where  they  have  a staff  of  four  or  five 
doctors,  trained  nurses,  pharmacists.  X-ray  apparatus  and  all 
the  modern  appliances  of  a hospital,  in  a government  institu- 
tion, while  mud-walled,  straw-thatched  buildings  represent  the 
cause  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  That  may  for  a time  suffice, 
but  we  cannot  afford  to  do  inferior  work  in  His  name.  In 
His  name  only  the  best  is  good  enough,  and  to  obtain  that  let 
us  all  get  together  and  work  together.  Put  us  in  touch  with 
the  doctors  in  your  churches,  and  you  will  not  have  to  take 
away  from  anything  else.  It  will  be  developing  new  resources, 
- — an  asset,  not  a liability. 

Dr.  R.  B.  Tuesler,  of  Tokyo,  Japan:  A very  fundamental 
question,  to  my  mind,  was  raised  by  the  first  speaker.  I do 
not  think  there  is  any  question  that  we  will  have  to  concentrate, 
but  we  shall  have  to  shut  up  hospitals  and  medical  schools,  so 
called,  that  do  not  teach  the  gospel,  because  not  only  do  they 
not  represent  Christianity,  but  they  become  a distinct  drag 
upon  our  work  as  missionaries. 

I remember  well  the  mayor  of  Tokyo  saying  to  me,  “Doctor, 
how  it  is  possible  that  Christianity  is  in  earnest  in  China  when 
its  hospitals  are  so  thoroughly  inadequate  and  its  medical  in- 
struction, except  in  a few  schools,  such  an  absurdity?  We  our- 
selves for  philanthropic  purposes  are  undertaking  to  introduce 
among  the  Chinese  medical  education  for  their  uplift,  and  we 
are  far  ahead  in  equipment  and  standards  of  what  your  Ameri- 
can churches  attempt  there.”  That  was  a severe  criticism,  yet 
I think  it  is  true.  In  other  words,  it  is  absolutely  essential 
that  we  close  up  every  hospital  that  is  not  adequate  to  meet 
the  needs  of  modern  medicine,  and  concentrate.  It  would  be 
much  better  from  my  standpoint,  and  I think  from  the  stand- 
point of  the  men  actually  in  the  field,  to  concentrate  our  men 


24 


in  centres  and  equip  them  adequately.  We  are  not  in  mission 
lands  as  medical  men  only  to  save  the  immediate  sick  within 
our  hospital  walls,  but  we  are  there  as  medical  educators, 
and  according  to  our  degree  of  education  is  our  degree  of 
success.  We  cannot  possibly  save  all  the  lives  of  China  or 
Japan  or  Korea,  but  we  can  raise  up  there  properly  educated 
native  doctors  and  nurses  to  save  their  own  people,  and  it  is 
incumbent  upon  us  that  we  do  it  in  such  a way  that  there  will 
be  no  criticism  of  Christian  methods  and  equipment,  as  there  is 
today. 

As  an  illustration,  up  to  a year  ago  we  treated  200  cases  a 
day.  We  had  fifteen  doctors  and  twelve  nurses  to  help  us, 
and  we  found  we  could  not  give  them  proper  attention,  and 
we  cut  the  cases  down  to  150, — that  is  to  each  physician, — 
and  I believe  it  would  be  better  if  we  cut  them  down  still 
more.  We  cannot  see  more  than  50  or  60  cases  a day  and  do 
them  justice.  It  is  better  to  see  three  of  them  and  treat  them 
successfully  and  demonstrate  to  our  assistants  the  value  of 
thorough  treatment  than  to  undertake  to  run  a cheap  hospital 
with  sod  roofs  and  paper  walls. 

Rev.  L.  D.  Wolf,  D.D.  : The  British  medical  staff  has  medi- 
cal departments  all  over  India.  All  the  universities  of 
India  also  have  regular  curricula  in  medicine,  and  of  course 
medical  practitioners  must  measure  up  to  the  standard  set  by 
the  government-  But  so  far  as  medical  missionaries  are  con- 
cerned in  India  there  is  really  no  difficulty  provided  they  are 
thoroughly  well  trained.  It  must  be  understood,  however, 
that  the  ISritish  government  does  lay  down  certain  require- 
ments. 

There  is  an  effort  being  made  now  in  the  Madras  Presidency 
to  start  a medical  school  among  the  women.  It  has  been 
agreed  to  by  eight  societies,  a telegram  concerning  which 
reached  me  before  I left  home ; and  they  propose  to  do  things 
in  a way  which  I am  quite  sure  will  be  in  consonance  with 
the  plans  of  the  British  government.  They  will  not  do  any- 
thing except  as  their  medical  curricula  shall  correspond  to  the 
standards  set  by  the  government.  The  ladies  who  are  planning 
this  have  lived  so  long  in  India  and  have  worked  so  sympa- 
thetically with  the  Britsh  government  that  no  difficulty  will 
arise  from  lack  of  co-operation  with  the  government. 

All  that  has  been  said  so  far  in  the  discussion  has  reference 
particularly  to  Korea,  China,  and  Japan.  There  must  be  separ- 
ate findings  when  we  are  considering  medical  work  in  India, 
because  of  the  large  medical  work  under  the  British  govern- 
ment as  well  as  the  mightier  call  that  comes  to  the  women  of 
this  country  to  enter  into  medical  work  for  women  in  India. 

25 


Rev.  Canon  S.  Gould,  M.D.  (Church  of  England  in  Can- 
ada) : I was  very  much  astonished  to  hear  that  the  British 
government  in  India  was  putting  hindrances  in  the  way  of 
medical  missionary  work.  The  first  point  in  the  letter  referred 
to  is  solely  concerned  with  the  diplomas,  the  professional  stand- 
ing of  the  individual  medical  missionaries.  It  was  my  privi- 
lege to  go  to  the  Turkish  Empire  in  1897,  and  I found  the  first 
thing  I had  to  do  was  to  take  my  diplomas  to  Constantinople 
and  there  take  the  Turkish  diploma  admitting  me  to  the  prac- 
tice of  medicine,  and  that  was  solely  a matter  of  diploma-  And 
I presume  that  New  York,  as  well  as  every  other  state  in  the 
Union  has  its  own  law  concerning  professional  standing,  and 
everyone  bringing  an  extraneous  diploma  or  standing,  no  mat- 
ter whether  higher  or  lower,  has  to  conform  to  that  local  stand- 
ing. 

The  second  point  referred  to  the  British  government’s  medi- 
cal system,  with  its  hospitals  and  dispensaries  and  so-called 
traveling  dispensaries  being  established  for  the  villages ; and 
then  says,  very  properly  I take  it : “The  good  these  institu- 
tions might  do  is  hindered  oftentimes  by  the  spirit  of  trade  in 
the  natives  on  the  staff.”  As  a medical  missionary  of  some 
years  standing  I found  that  one  of  the  great  obstacles  we  had 
to  overcome  in  our  native  schools  was  that  very  spirit  of  trade ; 
that  on  the  sly  they  were  selling  medicines  which  were  medi- 
cal mission  property ; that  they  were  taking  advantage  of  their 
position ; and  therefore  I take  it  that  that  statement  has  to  do 
with  the  frailty  which  is  common  to  human  nature,  particu- 
larly on  the  foreign  mission  field. 

I may  say  that  one  of  our  projects  is  the  establishment  of 
a hospital ; and  I interviewed  the  commissioner  of  the  district, 
and  not  only  did  the  government  not  put  any  obstacle  in  our 
way,  but  it  gave  us  more  than  one-half  of  the  land  as  a free 
gift,  on  the  sole  condition  that  it  be  used  for  medical  mission- 
ary purposes. 

I do  not  think  that  the  speaker,  of  course,  intended  to  con- 
vey any  reflection  whatsoever.  He  had  taken  an  isolated 
statement,  I presume,  from  one  of  the  letters,  and  had  drawn 
from  that  a general  deduction  which  was  not  stated  as  care- 
fully as  it  might  have  been.  I trust  that  the  Conference  will 
bear  with  me  when  I add  that  I think  there  is  no  greater  sub- 
ject which  can  possibly  be  brought  before  this  Conference  than 
the  subject  of  medical  missions,  the  plan  of  missionary  work  of 
which  our  Lord  Himself  is  the  great  exemplar,  who  preached 
the  kingdom  of  God  and  healed  the  sick  in  all  their  villages 
and  their  cities.  And  whether  it  be  by  concentration,  w hether 

26 


it  be  by  careful  co-operation  between  different  boards,  whether 
it  be  by  the  bringing  in  of  the  assistance  of  such  a magnificent 
foundation  as  the  Rockefeller  Foundation,  whether  it  be  by 
this  way  or  by  that  way,  I think  there  lies  before  the  Church 
a great  double  objective  in  the  realm  of  medical  missions:  First, 
to  do  that  which  our  Lord  did,  heal  the  sick,  heal  them  in 
order  that  they  may  ibe  brought  into  His  kingdom  ; and,  second- 
ly, to  set  up  in  those  countries  certain  great  technical  institu- 
tions on  the  side  of  the  practical  Christianity,  virtue  and  char- 
ity of  the  faith  which  we  possess,  and  through  these  produce  a 
trained  native  medical  profession. 

Rev.  E.  Kirrmann  (Medical  Missionary  Institute,  Tubin- 
gen, Germany)  : I am  deeplv  interested  in  the  medical  mission 
problem,  and  I have  studied  this  problem  in  China,  and  there- 
fore I would  suggest,  to  meet  this  present  change  in  the  medi- 
cal mission  work,  to  help  in  building  up  the  modern  hospitals 
and  medical  schools,  to  bring  more  S3'stem  into  this  great  and 
important  part  of  mission  work  at  home  and  on  the  field,  we 
should  have  a special  committee  for  medical  missions  with  a 
general  secretary. 

The  task  of  this  Committee  would  be  to  investigate  thor- 
oughly the  existing  work  that  has  been  done  up  to  the  present 
time  by  the  representatives  of  the  different  missionary  boards 
and  by  the  medical  societies  on  the  mission  field ; to  build  up 
with  all  the  different  forces  the  medical  mission  work  at  home 
and  on  the  mission  field  according  to  a clear  and  definite  policy. 
Such  a policy  on  a sound  base  would  not  only  avoid  double  or 
different  plans,  and  save  men,  time  and  money,  but  should 
easily  increase  the  necessary  funds  and  the  number  of  qualified 
candidates  to  man  the  hospitals  and  medical  schools. 

We  would  suggest  that  each  mission  board  with  medical 
work  should  be  represented  in  the  Committee  for  Medical 
Missions  by  a member  who  is  qualified  and  interested  in  this 
branch  of  mission  work,  and  that  the  General  Secretary  need 
not  necessarily  be  a medical  man,  but  an  organizer  who  has 
a full  understanding  for  the  spiritual  as  well  as  for  the  prac- 
tical and  scientific  side  of  the  medical  mission  work. 

A united  and  concentrated  activity  must  come.  The  task 
in  the  medical  mission  work  is  too  immense  and  extensive  to 
be  done  without  a united  definite  plan-  If  we  wait  too  long 
and  do  not  at  once  unite  all  our  forces  under  a definite  plan, 
we  will  lose  many  opportunities,  and  eventually  lose  our  in- 
fluence in  the  East ; and  such  a loss  will  be  a serious  one  to  our 
mission  work. 


Murray  Galt  Hotter,  M.D.,  of  Washington,  D.  C. : I am 
alleged  to  be  the  only  medical  member  of  a foreign  mission 
board  represented  in  this  Conference.  I am  not  prepared  to 
defend  or  deny  the  allegation ; and  I am  not  a delegate,  and 
only  speak  by  courtesy  of  the  Conference. 

It  seems  to  me.  Sir,  that  we  have  had  presented  here  this 
afternoon,  and  strongly  emphasized,  two  great  needs,  with  the 
suggestion  of  how  this  Conference  may  at  least  begin  to  com- 
pass thefee  needs.  The  first  need  is  a thorough  reorganization, 
perhaps  even  radical,  of  our  whole  method  of  dealing  with 
medical  missions.  The  second  need  is  greater  support  to  medi- 
cal missions,  financially  and  in  the  matter  of  personnel. 

The  means  by  which  this  Conference  may  get  at  these 
needs  is  suggested  in  the  form  of  a Committee  on  Medical 
Missions,  with  perhaps  a secretary  who  shall  devote  his  entire 
time  and  attention  to  the  subject  and  act  as  a clearing  house 
for  all  information  both  as  to  conditions  in  the  field  and  con- 
ditions and  pK>ssibilities  in  this  country. 

There  is  one  phase  of  the  work  in  which  I am  especially  in- 
terested and  which  in  fact  brought  me  to  the  Conference.  Hith- 
erto in  our  medical  missions  we  have  devoted  ourselves  largely 
to  hospital  and  dispensary  work,  to  the  curing  of  individuals. 
Now  it  seems  to  me  that  we  should  branch  out  and  devote  our 
attention,  at  least  a large  part  of  it,  to  methods  and  means 
curative  of  conditions  rather  than  of  individuals  alone.  I 
would  not  for  one  moment  minimize  the  need  of  the  care  of 
individuals,  but  we  all  know  that  the  future  of  medicine  and 
medical  practice  is  along  preventive  lines. 

Dr-  Van  Buskirk  referred  a moment  ago  to  medical  work 
as  an  asset  of  the  mission  board.  It  is  a point  which  Mr.  Grant 
emphasized  at  our  little  conference  on  Saturday  night,  saying- 
that  the  boards  did  not  recognize  what  a tremendous  asset 
they  had  in  their  medical  work. 

Now,  if  we  could  send  to  man  the  hospitals  and  direct  the 
dispensaries  trained  sanitarians,  who  will  educate  the  people 
in  matters  of  public  and  personal  hygiene  and  sanitation,  we 
shall,  I fancy,  make  a great  and  favorable  impression  in  the 
lands  in  which  we  work,  especially  upon  the  powers  that 
be.  That  would  have  to  be  guided,  as  already  indicated  in 
the  discussion  about  conditions  in  India.  In  India,  where 
the  British  government  has  made  considerable  progress  and 
dominates  in  the  management  of  affairs,  the  work  of  the  mis- 
sionaries could  perhaps  be  only  co-operative;  and  that  would 
be  of  course  the  case  in  Japan.  In  China,  however,  and  I 
fancy  in  Moslem  lands,  the  missionary  sanitarian  might 

28 


undertake  new  work  on  his  own  initiative ; and  it  seems  to 
me  that  in  considering  this  very  important  phase  of  missionary 
work,  this  possibility  should  be  taken  into  account.  The  best 
missionary  to  undertake  this  sort  of  propaganda  is  not  of 
necessity  a physician.  That  is  not  my  own  opinion,  but  an 
opinion  expressed  in  the  Pan-American  Conference  in  Wash- 
ington last  week, — that  the  medical  man,  trained  as  a medical 
practitioner,  is  by  no  means  the  best  sanitarian.  His  whole 
work  lies  along  curative  lines,  while  the  work  of  the  sanitarian 
lies  along  preventive  lines.  There  is  a great  field  for  mission- 
ary work  and  activity  along  the  line  of  sanitation. 

J.  S.  Chandler,  of  India : The  British  government  in  South 
India  has  been  a great  help  to  medical  work. 

The  harmony  between  the  government  hospital  in  Madura 
and  the  mission  hospital  was  shown  in  the  case  of  one  of  our 
English  doctors  who  was  a great  help  to  the  Christians.  The 
hospital  was  not  a rival  of  our  mission  hospital-  It  was  a 
mile  and  a half  away,  in  a large  city  of  135,000  people.  The 
Christians  on  that  side  of  the  city  were  treated  by  this  Eng- 
lish doctor,  and  they  came  and  said,  “Why,  he  is  just  like  a 
mission  doctor,”  he  was  so  careful  and  kind  in  his  treatment 
of  them. 

I should  like  to  second  all  that  has  been  said  as  to  the  need 
of  efficiency,  but  at  the  same  time  I should  regret  to  see  “one 
doctor  hospitals”  knocked  in  the  head.  If  one  doctor  hospitals 
are  to  be  knocked  in  the  head,  three-quarters  of  the  British 
medical  work  would  have  to  cease.  The  British  government 
has  a very  effective  system  of  medical  work  in  all  its  dis- 
tricts. Every  governmental  utiit  has  a hospital,  and  that  hos- 
pital is  presided  over  by  one  English  doctor,  and  they  never 
expect  to  have  more  than  one,  and  yet  they  manage  to  keep 
up  very  efficient  hospitals,  one  for  each  of  these  districts.  But 
the  point  is  not  so  much  that  there  should  not  be  more  than 
one  doctor,  which  in  their  system  is  all  they  expect  to  have, 
but  that  if  that  one  goes  away  they  put  another  in  his  place, 
and  there  is  no  intermission.  The  trouble  with  many  mission 
hospitals  is  that  when  one  doctor  has  to  take  a furlough  or 
has  to  be  absent,  there  is  no  one  to  take  his  place,  and  then 
you  have  a “no  doctor”  hospital.  That  is  the  weakness  of 
the  one  doctor  hospital.  It  is  better  to  have  two  doctors, 
but  rather  than  put  out  of  existence  many  a useful  mis- 
sion hospital  that  has  only  one  doctor,  it  is  far  better  to  keep 
them,  but  keep  one  doctor  there,  if  possible,  and  let  there  be 
no  intermission. 

Do  not  forget  that  many  a -mission  has  had  its  one  doctor 


^9 


hospital  through  all  its  existence,  and  the  work  of  that  hos- 
pital in  Madura,  for  instance,  is  worth  too  much  to  be  put 
down  as  inefficient.  It  is  not  inefficient.  And  yet  there  is 
weakness  in  the  fact  that  where  there  is  only  one  doctor,  ac- 
cording to  missionary  methods,  when  that  doctor  is  away  there 
is  no  doctor. 

I should  like  to  raise  a question  about  the  call  for  a non- 
medical business  superintendent  for  a hospital?  I have  been 
superintendent  of  a hospital,  and  I am  non-medical,  but  I 
should  have  done  my  work  much  better  if  I had  been  a medi- 
cal man.  I do  not  quite  appreciate  the  necessity  of  having 
a non-medical  superintendent  in  a hospital-  It  seems  to  me 
that  they  should  be  all  medical  men. 

Clarence  D.  Ussher,  M.D.,  Van,  Turkey;  As  the  last 
speaker  has  just  said,  there  are  a great  many  places  where 
there  are  one  man  hospitals,  and  I cannot  believe  any  one  de- 
sires to  lessen  the  number  of  hospitals.  When  our  hospital 
at  Van  was  started  it  was  the  only  hospital  in  a district  as 
large  as  the  whole  of  New  England,  New  York,  Pennsylvania 
and  New  Jersey  combined;  and  the  field  is  not  very  much 
lessened  today,  although  the  American  Board  has  put  three 
other  missionary  physicians  in  that  field.  Our  nearest  neigh- 
bor, Dr.  Atkinson,  who  died  Christmas  Day,  of  typhus,  was 
250  miles  away ; the  next  one  450  miles. 

Regarding  retrenchment  in  other  branches  of  the  work 
for  the  sake  of  the  medical  work,  I think  there  will  be  no 
need  of  it.  The  medical  work  has  an  entrance  to  the  people 
that  perhaps  no  other  branch  of  the  work  has,  and  we  have 
seen  results  in  Turkey  when  a medical  missionary  got  in 
touch  with  the  people  that  put  the  evangelistic  work  in  touch 
as  it  has  not  been  in  twenty  or  thirty  years  of  merely  evan- 
gelistic and  educational  work. 

The  problem  of  self-support  is  an  important  one  for  medical 
institutions.  We  started  our  hospital  in  Van  in  a rented  house, 
very  ill  equipped  for  a hospital,  with  about  a dozen  wooden 
bedsteads,  and  went  ahead  with  the  work.  At  first  the  people 
would  not  send  any  patients  to  us.  The  thought  of  going 
to  a hospital  was  utterly  obnoxious  until,  finally,  the  city  found 
a poor  beggar  dying  by  the  roadside  of  pneumonia,  and  then 
they  said,  “Here  is  a chance  to  try  that  hospital so  they 
sent  him  into  the  hospital,  thinking  if  he  died,  there  was 
no  harm  done,  he  was  going  to  die  anyway,  and  they  could 
see  how  he  was  treated.  The  Lord  cured  him,  and  so  with  the 
next  one,  and  we  soon  got  so  in  touch  with  the  people  that 
the  medical  work  of  Van  has  gotten  along  with  only  $100  from 


30 


the  American  Board-  It  has  contributed  to  the  Board  a plant 
worth  more  than  $12,000,  and  has  been  self-supporting  in  all 
but  its  work  for  the  f>oor.  If  that  could  occur  in  so  impover- 
ished a country  as  Turkey,  and  especially  the  region  of  Van, 
in  which  I have  seen  six  massacres,  and  the  Ottoman 
government  use  every  means  in  its  power  to  destroy  the 
financial  ability  of  the  Christian  people  of  the  country, — if 
that  is  so  there,  it  seems  to  me  it  can  be  so  to  a very  large 
extent  elsewhere. 

The  hospital  was  not  well  equipped.  There  was  only  one 
physician ; and  when  that  physician,  after  ten  years  of  con- 
tinuous service,  could  not  stand  it  any  longer,  and  the  station 
insisted  on  his  going  home,  the  hospital  had  to  be  closed  and 
twenty-two  employees  discharged  and  let  go,  where  they  could 
not  be  recovered  to  the  work,  simply  because  there  was  no  one 
to  take  his  place.  And  today,  because  the  physician  in  Erzerum 
has  had  to  leave  that  place  to  go  to  Constantinople,  there  is 
no  physician  for  the  work  there. 

John  A.  Snell,  M.D.,  Soochow,  China ; The  work  in 
China  impresses  me  as  having  gone  through  a period  of  prepa- 
ration or  foundation  building,  and  now  the  opportunity  is  be- 
fore the  Church  of  America  and  of  the  world  to  build  upon 
this  foundation  a grand  superstructure.  There  is  scarcely  a 
medical  centre  in  China  but  what  has  this  foundation, — some 
few  have  a pretty  good  superstructure, — and  we  can  now  build 
on  these  foundations  ideal  modern  medical  institutions  that 
will  serve  to  represent  the  real  Christian  work.  As  has  been 
suggested  by  our  friends  from  Korea  and  Japan,  we  cannot 
afford  to  represent  Jesus  Christ  with  an  inferior  work,  but  we 
must  as  representatives  of  the  highest  ideal  and  character  like- 
wise take  to  them  the  very  highest  in  modern  medical  science. 
The  Chinese  are  ready  to  support  the  medical  work,  and  in 
most  sections  throughout  China  they  can  support  it.  We  must 
take  advantage  of  this  great  opportunity  and  build  up  a model 
work  after  which  the  Chinese  can  pattern  their  own  work. 

Bishop  Lambuth  : We  have  been  very  much  sobered  in 
hearing  that  four  men  have  fallen  during  the  last  month 
and  other  medical  missionaries  and  nurses  are  in  jeopardy 
every  hour  in  the  Near  East  as  well  as  elsewhere. 

The  Chairman;  I have  asked  Dr.  McLean  to  close  this 
(Session  of  the  Conference  with  prayer.  May  God  bless  us  in 
the  consideration  of  the  very  wonderful  suggestions  which 
have  come  to  us  today  and  the  vision  we  have  had  of  the  larger 
work  which  He  wants  us  to  do. 


31 


Prayer  By  Dr.  McLean  : Our  Father,  we  praise  Thee 
for  the  Great  Physician  who  went  about  doing  good,  teaching 
and  preaching  and  healing  every  manner  of  sickness  and  every 
manner  of  disease  among  the  people.  We  bless  Thee  that 
He  Himself  could  say  of  His  work,  the  blind  see,  the  lepers 
are  cleansed,  the  lame  walk,  the  dead  are  raised  up  and  to 
the  poor  the  gospel  is  preached.  We  praise  Thee,  O God, 
for  His  sympathy  with  all  who  suffer  anywhere  and  every- 
where; and  we  bless  Thee,  O Lord,  for  those  who  have 
caught  His  spirit,  for  those  who  have  gone  out  to  relieve 
suffering  and  to  reveal  Christ  and  the  Father  to  the  peoples 
with  whom  they  have  had  to  do.  We  bless  Thee  for  the 
medical  missiosaries  here  today  and  for  what  they  have  taught 
us  concerning  the  work  on  the  field.  We  bless  Thee  for 
those  who  are  not  here  today  but  at  work  on  the  field,  and 
it  is  there  we  ask  that  Thy  blessings  in  fullest  measure  may 
rest.  Wilt  Thou  assist  them  in  all  of  their  undertaking  today 
for  Thee,  to  stir  up  the  churches  at  home,  to  enlist  new  work- 
ers for  the  field,  and  to  carry  on  Christ’s  work  in  the  hos- 
pitals and  dispensaries. 

We  bless  Thee,  O God,  for  those  who  have  given  their 
lives  to  this  cause  and  who  have  died  in  the  service.  Let 
Thy  blessings  be  upon  their  dear  ones.  Wilt  Thou  bless  them 
with  Thy  wondrous  grace,  and  raise  up  others  speedily  to  take 
their  places.  Remember  those  in  danger  today,  O Lord.  Wilt 
Thou  shield  them  from  every  form  of  injury.  May  their  lives 
be  precious  in  Thy  sight,  and  be  prolonged,  that  they  may 
carry  on  the  Lord’s  work  even  more  effectively  in  the  future 
than  in  the  past. 

And,  our  Father,  may  the  churches  at  home  be  concerned 
about  this  work-  May  they  continually  know  more  and  more 
about  it,  and  may  they  be  seeking  to  supply  the  funds  necessary 
for  its  maintenance  and  its  enlargement,  for  the  equipment  of 
every  hospital  and  every  dispensary.  And,  O Thou  God  of 
the  harvest,  wilt  Thou  raise  up  others,  we  pray  Thee,  as 
they  are  needed  for  this  cause.  And  remember  the  mis- 
sionaries. Help  them  in  their  work,  we  pray  Thee.  Help 
those  who  are  seeking  to  introduce  sanitation  among  the 
nations  and  prosper  their  work,  we  beseech  of  Thee. 

And  now  may  the  grace  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the  love 
of  God,  and  the  fellowship  of  the  Holy  Spirit  be  with  us  all. 
Amen. 


33 


Tuesday  Evening 


MEDICAL  MISSIONS  AND  HOW  TO  STRENGTHEN 

THEM 

(Continued) 

DAVID  BOVAIRD,  M.D.,  NEW  YORK 

There  are  three  things  I would  like  to  say  on  the  subject  of 
how  to  strengthen  medical  missions.  There  is  needed  in 
the  mission  field  the  best  medical  men  that  we  can  com- 
mand, the  best  in  the  strictest  sense  of  that  word,  not 
alone  in  their  character,  not  alone  in  their  faith,  but  in  their 
scientific  attainments  as  well.  I am  perfectly  sure  that  what 
Dr.  Butterick  has  to  say  to  us  tonight  will  open  to  every 
one  of  us  a vision  of  possibilities  before  the  medical  profes- 
sion of  America,  a vision  that  is  so  vast,  that  is  so  weighted 
with  magnificent  possibilities  that  we  shall  feel  that  the  best 
men  that  we  can  command  are  none  too  good  for  the  cause 
for  which  he  speaks. 

I have  always  had  a high  opinion  of  the  medical  missionary. 
The  opportunity  to  become  really  closely  acquainted  with  his 
work,  with  the  demands  upon  him,  not  merely  upon  his  time, 
but  upon  his  ability,  upon  his  energy,  upon  his  devotion, — 
all  these  things  have  greatly  intensified  my  admiration  for 
the  men  who  have  so  nobly  done  their  parts  in  the  great 
field  of  medical  mission  work.  I am  perfectly  sure  that  the 
demands  that  are  to  be  made  upon  the  medical  missionaries 
of  the  coming  generation  are  heavier'  still,  and  that  the  best  men 
that  we  can  command  will  not  be  more  than  equal  to  them. 

Doubtless  more  than  one  will  say.  How  are  we  going  to 
get  the  best  men  ? One  of  the  most  interesting  ex- 
periences during  our  journey  in  the  East  was  a visit  to 
the  International  Committee’s  Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  Shanghai. 
One  of  the  astonishing  things  about  that  establishment  is  that 
they  have  a boys’  department  in  that  particular  institution 
which  numbers  almost  as  many  members  as  any  boys’  depart- 
ment belonging  to  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  in  this  country.  You  ask 
them  how  they  got  those  Chinese  boys,  and  the  secretary  of 
that  branch  will  tell  you  that  they  got  the  Chinese  boys  by 
calling  them  to  service.  Would  you  believe  it,  that  that  was 
the  call  to  which  the  Chinese  boys  would  answer?  Is  there 

33 


not  a call  to  service  in  the  work  of  medical  missions  the  like 
of  which  can  hardly  he  equalled  by  any  other  call  that  the 
world  hears  at  the  present  day,  and  shall  not  our  best  men 
be  equal  to  it?  I believe  devoutly  that  they  will  when  they 
hear  it,  when  they  realize  the  possibilities  of  the  work,  the 
possibilities  that  lie  in  their  devotion  to  it  at  this  time.  We 
need  the  best  men  that  can  be  had  in  America. 

And  having  the  best  men,  they  need  equipment.  It  is  a 
waste  of  men  to  send  them  out  to  do  their  work  without  ade- 
quate equipment.  In  the  cold,  hard  way  of  the  world  that 
has  been  demonstrated  to  us  beyond  question  by  the  experience 
of  the  British  people  and  the  Allies  within  the  last  year  of 
warfare.  At  one  time  they  lacked  men,  at  another  time  they 
lacked  munitions,  and  they  could  not  hope  to  meet  the  situa- 
tion before  them  until  they  had  rallied  both  men  and  muni- 
tions. It  is  exactly  so  in  our  medical  work.  We  need  men, 
and  those  men  need  equipment.  The  marvelous  develop- 
ment of  modern  medicine  has  been  attended  with  an  elabora- 
tion of  apparatus  and  hospital  equipment  that  really  staggers 
one  even  when  he  is  closely  in  touch  with  the  work.  But 
there  is  no  escaping  the  fact  that  the  work  cannot  be  done 
as  it  should  be  done  without  elaborate  apparatus  and  equip- 
ment ; and  if  the  work  of  a medical  missionary  is  to  be  done 
as  it  should  be  done  in  the  interests  of  the  cause  we  all  love, 
we  must  not  only  send  the  best  men,  but  those  men  must  have 
equipment,  and  just  the  very  best  that  we  can  furnish  them. 
And  you  and  I and  every  other  man  or  woman  who  stays 
behind  in  America  should  feel  it  to  be  part  of  his  duty  to  see 
that  these  men  who  go  to  the  front  have  the  means  that  they 
ought  to  have  for  the  doing  of  the  work. 

And  finally,  having  the  men  and  their  equipment,  and 
having  the  work  done  as  I believe  it  will  be  done  if  we  have 
these  things,  then  we  must  make  that  work  known.  Two  of 
the  most  striking  experiences  that  we  had  in  China  were  at 
opposite  ends,  one  in  Mukden,  one  in  Hang-chow,  where  we 
found  two  wonderful  medical  missions  conducted  by  men  who 
as  boys  had  been  friends  in  Glasgow,  who  had  been  educated 
together,  who  had  walked  hand  in  hand  together  and  had 
finally  gone  into  the  work  of  medical  missions  together,  one 
located  in  the  far  north.  Dr.  Christie  at  Mukden,  and  Dr. 
Main  at  Hang-chow.  We  learned  that  one  of  the  secrets  of 
the  power  of  those  men  was  that  every  week  of  their  lives 
for  forty  years  they  had  written  letters  which  they  exchanged 
from  one  to  the  other,  but  letters  which  had  gone  far  and 
wide  to  every  person  which  either  one  of  them  could  number 

34 


among  his  friends  or  acquaintances.  Those  letters  had  gone 
out  every  week  for  forty  years,  keeping  not  only  the  men  in 
China,  but  the  men  in  the  home  land,  in  close  touch  with  the 
work  that  was  being  done,  keeping  them  always  familiar  with 
its  development,  with  its  needs,  with  all  its  trials,  with  all  its 
joyful  experiences,  making  them  to  participate  in  the  work 
that  was  being  done  in  China.  And  I believe  that  one  of 
the  great  secrets  of  the  success  of  those  two  missions  lies  in 
just  that  fact;  and  as  practical  men,  every  one  of  us  who  has 
any  knowledge  of  business  in  the  United  States  knows  how 
much  of  it  depends  upon  the  right  sort  of  publicity.  We 
should  use  just  exactly  the  same  means  in  the  spread  of  the 
knowledge  of  what  the  medical  missionary  is  doing  and  in 
developing  behind  every  medical  missionary  that  we  have 
in  the  field  a group  of  people  who  are  vitally  interested  in  the 
success  of  that  mission  and  that  missionary,  who  will  take  a 
keen  personal  interest  in  what  he  is  doing  and  make  him  know 
it, — not  merely  in  their  contributions  to  his  work,  but  in  their 
sympathy  which  will  oftentimes  go  just  as  far,  if  not  farther 
than  direct  financial  contribution. 

ACCOUNT  OF  RECENT  TOUR  IN  CHINA 

REV.  WALLACE  BUTTRICK,  D.D. 

Director  China  Medical  Board,  Rockefeller  Foundation 

Mr.  Chairman  and  my  dear  Eriends:  It  is  a very  great 
honor  that  you  do  the  China  Medical  Board  in  inviting  me 
to  speak  to  you  tonight.  I received  a wireless  message  at 
Honolulu  from  the  honored  Secretary  of  this  body  asking  me 
if  I would  speak  here  tonight,  and  I at  once  wired  him  that  I 
would.  If  I had  been  in  New  York  I probably  should  have 
made  some  excuse,  for  I do  not  like  to  make  public  addresses. 
Particularly  do  I dislike  to  make  public  addresses  at  the  begin- 
ning of  any  task  which  I am  undertaking. 

The  China  Medical  Board  is  at  the  very  beginning  of  its 
work.  Its  plans  are  not  yet  defined,  its  program  is  not  marked 
out,  and  I am  reminded  of  that  passage  in  the  first  book  of 
Kings  which  says,  “Let  not  him  that  girdeth  on  his  armor 
boast  as  he  that  putteth  it  off.”  I have  had  many  years 
experience  in  an  executive  position,  as  Secretary  of  the  Gen- 
eral Education  Board.  I have  a story  to  tell  about  that  work 
which  is  not  without  interest.  Now  I am  coming  to  a new 
task  in  my  old  age,  a new  task  about  which  I know  very  little 
and  I cannot  say  much  that  will  be  definite.  I fear  that  I 
cannot  say  much  that  will  be  highly  satisfactory  to  you.  I 

35 


come,  however,  because  I want  to  know  you  and  I want 
you  to  know  me.  I come  because  I am  convinced  that  if  we 
work  together  at  all  it  can  only  be  on  the  basis  of  mutual  con- 
fidence and  mutual  respect,  and  therefore  we  must  meet  and 
know  one  another  if  we  are  going  to  work  together. 

Now,  the  China  Medical  Board  of  the  Rockefeller  Founda- 
tion did  not  spring  into  being  all  at  once.  It  was  in  1908 
or  ’09  that  through  the  University  of  Chicago  Mr.  Rockefeller 
sent  out  a commission  to  the  Orient  to  study  its  educational 
conditions  and  needs.  That  commission  had  for  its  chair- 
man my  long  time  friend  and  old  schoolmate.  Rev.  Ernest 
DeWitt  Burton,  D.D.,  of  Chicago,  and  with  him  were  asso- 
ciated Dr.  T.  C.  Chamberlain  and  his  son,  Professor  Chamber- 
lain.  They  made  a voluminous  confidential  report,  which  I 
have  had  the  pleasure  of  reading  within  the  past  year,  which 
is  of  very  great  value  as  a survey,  a preliminary  survey  of 
the  whole  situation. 

Later,  some  two  and  a half  years  ago,  Mr.  Rockefeller,  Jr., 
invited  a group  of  men,  perhaps  twenty  or  thirty  of  us,  to  a 
three  days’  conference  regarding  what  might  be  done  in  the 
way  of  education  in  China ; and  that  conference,  with  cer- 
tain smaller  conferences  which  followed  it,  reached  the  con- 
clusion that  there  might  be  a field,  there  might  be  an  oppor- 
tunity to  aid  in  promoting  medical  education  in  China.  So  a 
commission  was  sent  out,  with  President  Judson  of  Chicago 
as  its  chairman,  and  associated  with  him  Dr.  Francis  W. 
Peabody  of  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  Boston  and  Mr. 
Roger  S-  Greene,  then  the  consul-general  in  Hankow,  China, 
and  the  son  of  Dr.  Greene  of  Kyoto  and  Tokyo  in  Japan, 
well  known  in  the  missionary  work.  This  commission  made 
a report  which  has  had  a wide  circulation.  Several  thousand 
copies  have  been  sent  out.  The  Rockefeller  Foundation  adopt- 
ed the  recommendations  of  that  report  in  substance,  and 
referred  them  to  a new  board,  auxiliary  to  the  Foundation, 
and  gave  that  board  the  power  to  modify  those  recommenda- 
tions in  any  or  every  particular;  and  while  I was  absent  in 
the  south  on  one  of  those  delightful  journeys  amongst  the 
people  of  the  south,  where  I always  like  to  go  a little  better 
than  anywhere  else  in  the  world,  they  chose  me  as  Director, 
in  addition  to  my  work  as  Secretary  of  the  General  Educa- 
tion Board;  and  when  I got  back  to  New  York  I found  that 
I had  a new  job,  with  a whole  bundle  of  recommendations  and 
a sort  of  program  marked  out. 

Now,  I have  long  been  interested  in  missions.  I was  a 
Baptist  parson  for  twenty  years.  I have  entertained  a great 


many  missionaries  in  my  home.  I count  amongst  my  dearest 
friends  missionaries  in  almost  every  land  where  missionaries 
operate.  I have  been  a member  of  all  the  missionary  boards 
of  our  denomination,  and  at  the  time  of  my  appointment  was 
a member  of  the  Finance  Committee  of  the  North- 
ern Baptist  Convention.  So  I am  not  without  that  general 
knowledge  of  missions  and  interest  in  missions  and  sympathy 
for  missions  which  every  Christian  layman  ought  to  have. 
But  as  to  knowing  specifically  and  definitely  and  accurately 
and  thoroughly  the  work  which  needed  to  be  done  in  China 
I felt  myself  like  a child.  How  could  I,  sitting  in  New  York 
in  an  office,  surrounded  by  a board  of  men  quite  as  wise  as 
myself,  devise  and  execute  plans  in  far  away  China? 

Now,  I am  still  a believer  in  a special  Providence.  A year 
ago  last  December,  my  friend  Dr.  Abbott,  of  Portland,  Maine, 
asked  me  to  ask  Dr-  William  H.  Welch  and  Dr.  Simon  Flexner 
and  my  associate.  Dr.  Abraham  Flexner,  to  come  down  to 
Maine  and  go  with  him  for  a week  or  ten  days  into  the 
woods.  These  men  accepted  the  invitation  and  we  went  down 
and  landed  up  at  Dixville  Notch  in  New  Hampshire,  where, 
with  the  thermometer  ranging  usually  below  zero,  and  in 
those  piney  woods  and  the  delightful  surroundings  that  remind- 
ed me  of  my  own  home  up  near  the  North  Pole  at  the  top 
of  New  York,  we  had  a delightful  week  together. 

Now,  of  course,  I made  the  opportunity  grist  for  my  hop- 
per. I talked  with  those  medical  men, — they  were  all  medi- 
cal men, — diligently.  Two  of  them  were  members  of  our 
board  and  Dr.  Abraham  Flexner  is  our  associate  in  the 
office  of  the  General  Education  Board.  And  in  the  course  of 
a week  I said,  “I  think  it  will  be  impossible  for  me  to  under- 
take this  work  unless  Dr.  Welch  and  Dr.  Flexner  will  go  out 
to  China  with  me.”  Now,  I suppose  it  is  generally  understood 
that  they  are  in  the  front  rank  of  the  profession  in  America ; 
and  they  looked  at  each  other  and  smiled  at  my  presumption.  I 
knew  when  I got  back  to  New  York  and  told  Mr.  Rockefeller 
and  my  associates  of  the  China  Board  that  I proposed  to 
take  them  out  to  China,  they  would  smile  and  wonder  why  I 
didn’t  ask  the  President  of  the  United  States  and  the  Secretary 
of  State  to  go  with  me  to  China.  But  presently  we  had  a 
meeting  of  the  China  Medical  Board,  and  I moved  that  the 
board  should  invite  these  two  men  to  go  out  to  China  with 
the  secretary,  and  the  motion  was  carried,  and  they  were 
both  present,  and  Dr.  Flexner  said,  “Dr.  Welch,  if  you  will 
go,  I will.”  And  Dr.  Welch  said,  “If  Dr.  Goodnow,” — who 
sat  there, — “will  let  me  go,  I will;”  and  Dr.  Goodnow  said, 

37 


“You  may  go,”  and  it  was  all  consummated,  and  we  went  out 
to  China. 

Now  you  know  what  that  did  for  us  immediately.  It  gave 
us  standing  in  the  medical  profession  in  America.  The  medi- 
cal doctors  of  America  were  heretofore  saying,  “Who  are 
these  people  that  go  up  against  this  city  ? Who  are  these  men 
who  are  going  to  attack  the  medical  problem  in  China? 
A couple  of  superannuated  preachers,  and  Dr.  Mott,  who 
is  a great  missionary,  and  Mr.  Rockefeller  and  Frank  Good- 
now, — a few  of  these  men  who  are  going  out  to  reorganize 
something  in  China.”  But  the  minute  that  it  was  announced 
that  Dr.  Welch  and  Dr.  Flexner, — one  the  head  of  Johns 
Hopkins  medical  faculty,  and  the  other  the  head  of  the  Rocke- 
feller Institute  for  Medical  Research, — thought  this  of  suf- 
ficient importance  to  go  out  to  China,  immediately  the  medi- 
cal profession  of  Amreica,  and  I think  the  intelligent  general 
public,  said,  “Really,  this  is  something  serious.  This  is  some- 
thing worth  while.”  So  as  a bit  of  strategy  this  bit  of  good 
luck  that  I tumbled  into  was  not  so  bad. 

The  same  thing  happened  when  we  were  on  the  Pacific,  Dr. 
Welch  and  Dr.  Flexner — I was  nothing  but  cicerone  for  the 
party — received  wireless  messages  from  distinguished  medical 
and  scientific  gentlemen  in  Japan  asking  if  they  might  give 
them  dinners  and  welcome  them  on  their  shores ; and  when 
we  landed.  Dr.  Tuesler  was  there  with  a whole  delegation  of 
them,  and  they  entertained  us  while  we  were  in  Japan,  and 
sent  us  on  our  way  rejoicing. 

Now  this  is  the  way  the  work  has  come  about.  The  China 
Medical  Board  wishes  to  do  something  that  is  reallv  worth 
while  to  promote  the  sort  of  medicine  in  China  which  Dr. 
Bovaird  has  so  accurately  defined  tonight  as  the  verv  best. 
In  order  to  do  it,  the  Foundation  has  set  aside  a sufficient 
income  for  the  purpose,  has  organized  a board  of  trustees,  and 
has  sent  out  to  China  these  two  eminent  men  to  make  a defi- 
nite survey  of  the  field,  to  report  and  recommend  just  what 
shall  be  done. 

Now,  my  dear  friends,  you  would  like  to  have  me  tell  you 
just  what  we  are  going  to  do,  and  I answer  I do  not  know- 
We  have  purchased  the  property  at  Peking.  Purchased  isn’t 
the  word  to  use.  We  resolved  to  co-operate  with  the  mis- 
sionary societies  in  developing  on  a high  scientific  plane  the 
medical  college  at  Peking,  and  in  the  course  of  our  inquiries 
we  discovered  that  one  mission,  the  London  Missionary  Socie- 
ty, owned  the  property,  for  which  they  had  paid  something 
approaching  $200,000;  and  we  felt  that  if  we  were  going  to 

38 


take  over  that  work  and  conduct  it,  we  ought  to  reinuburse  the 
London  Missionary  Society  for  their  outlay  and  with  their 
permission  take  title  to  the  property.  So  I went  over  to 
England  last  spring  commissioned  by  our  Board,  and  made 
arrangements  with  the  London  Missionary  Society  and  we  did 
reimburse  them  to  the  amount  of  $200,000  for  that  property, 
feeling  that  it  was  only  just,  if  a number  of  societies  were  to 
participate  with  us  in  managing  the  college,  that  one  society 
should  not  have  contributed  the  entire  property. 

There  is  a Board  of  Trustees  for  the  college,  made  up  of 
representatives  of  these  different  missionary  societies:  The 
American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  the 
American  Presibyterian  Board,  the  American  Methodist  Board, 
the  London  Missionary  Society,  the  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts,  and  the  London  Medical 
Missionary  Association.  Then  there  are  seven  trustees  select- 
ed by  the  China  Medical  Board,  one  of  whom  is  John  R. 
Mott,  so  that  the  missionaries  surely  may  have  a majority  of 
the  Board. 

Now  I cannot  tell  you  what  we  are  going  to  do  at  Peking, 
because  the  Board  of  Trustees  has  not  yet  met.  I cabled  from 
Yokohama  recommending  that  a meeting  of  the  Board  should 
be  called  for  early  in  February,  and  get  home  to  find  that 
it  is  going  to  meet  on  the  24th  of  January.  Now,  after  the 
24th  of  January  I can  tell  you  with  more  frankness  and  full- 
ness what  the  Board  of  Trustees  will  do.  Now  I don’t  know, 
for  I am  only  one  of  the  trustees ; and  even  if  I had  some 
information  of  what  they  are  likely  to  do,  it  would  not  be 
in  good  form  for  me  to  say  just  what  they  will  do  in  reor- 
ganizing that  college.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  the  missionary 
body  is  amply  represented  on  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and  we 
who  are  of  the  China  Medical  Board  are  convinced  that  we 
shall  have  to  behave  ourselves  with  great  circumspection  if 
we  have  our  own  way  at  all  in  its  management. 

As  I have  just  said,  we  have  just  made  this  long  journey 
out  there  and  come  back,  and  we  have  some  reports  to  make 
to  our  Board.  These  reports  have  yet  to  be  brought  together 
in  my  hands  and  presented  to  our  board,  so  it  is  impracticable 
for  me  to  tell  you — impossible,  not  impracticable,  for  me  to 
tell  you  what  the  China  Medical  Board  is  going  to  do.  When 
we  reached  Shanghai  we  found  that  the  institutions  in  and 
near  Shanghai  had  had  under  consideration  some  sort  of  pro- 
posal to  the  China  Medical  Board-  Their  joint  committee, 
which  had  been  created  long  before  we  arrived  there,  met 
and  passed  this  resolution  on  the  4th  of  November,  1915- 

39 


“Inasmuch  as  the  China  Medical  Board  of  the  Rocke- 
feller Foundation  has  in  view  the  establishment  of  a medical 
school  in  Shanghai,  which  shall  work  in  cordial  and  sympa- 
thetic co-operation  with  missionary  societies,  and  in  which  it 
is  desired  to  merge  existing  medical  schools,  the  representatives 
of  St.  John’s  University  and  Pennsylvania  Medical  School,  of 
the  University  of  Nanking,  and  of  the  Harvard  Medical 
School  of  China,  in  a joint  meeting,  held  in  Shanghai,  Thurs- 
day, November  4th,  1915,  extend  a cordial  invitation  to  the 
China  Medical  Board  to  establish  in  Shanghai  a Medical 
School  which  shall  be  conducted  by  a board  of  trustees  upon 
which  would  be  represented  the  governing  bodies  of  the  co- 
operating schools.” 

That,  of  course,  is  a highly  satisfactory  situation  from  our 
point  of  view,  that  St.  John’s  University,  Nanking  University, 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania  Medical  School,  and  the  Har- 
vard Medical  School,  should  themselves  voluntarily  come 
together  and  make  this  sort  of  proposal  to  us.  for  we  do  not 
wish  to  intrude  ourselves  upon  them,  and  we  should  long  hesi- 
tate to  establish  a school  in  a place  where  other  schools  were 
existing,  lest  we  might  be  regarded  as  trespassers.  But  they 
have  taken  this  voluntary  motion,  and  I replied  to  Dr.  Beebe, 
the  Secretary  of  the  Committee : 

Shanghai,  Nov.  7,  1915. 

Dear  Dr.  Beebe  : — Thank  you  for  your  letter  of  November  5th,  cov- 
ering the  resolution  passed  by  the  representatives  of  St.  John’s  Uni- 
versity, the  University  of  Pennsylvania  Medical  School,  the  University 
of  Nanking,  and  the  Harvard  Medical  School  of  China.  This  resolu- 
tion will  be  presented  to  the  China  Medical  Board  at  its  meeting  which 
should  be  held  the  latter  part  of  January,  1916,  and  you  will  of  course 
be  promptly  advised  of  any  action  that  the  Board  may  take  at  that 
time  relating  to  the  matter. 

In  the  meantime  I might  add  that  our  Commission  feels  gratified 
that  these  organizations  have,  through  this  voluntary  action  manifested 
their  sympathetic  interest  in  the  larger  scheme  which  we  have  in  mind 
for  the  promotion  of  higher  medical  education  in  China. 

Thanking  you  and  your  associates  for  your  manifold  courtesies  dur- 
ing our  stay  in  Shanghai,  I am. 

Cordially  yours, 

(Signed)  Wallace  Buttrick,” 

Now  that  is  the  situation  in  Shanghai. 

Our  visit  to  China  was  not  with  the  idea  of  visiting  all  the 
hospitals  of  China,  nor  indeed  all  of  the  medical  schools,  but 
rather  of  visiting  the  places  where  we  had  in  contemplation 
the  doing  of  work  and  some  of  the  larger  centres  which  had 
hospitals  that  might  contribute  to  that  work  by  furnishing 
opportunities  for  interne  service,  etc. 

We  landed  in  Japan,  and  found  that  schools  were  not  open, 

40 


and  we  had  a very  agreeable  rest  and  delightful  journey  in 
Japan  for  two  weeks.  Then  we  went  to  Seoul  in  Korea, 
where  we  stayed  two  days,  spending  much  of  our  time  at  the 
Union  Medical  College  and  Hospital,  of  which  Dr.  Avison  is 
the  head,  and  where  Dr.  Mills  is  the  enthusiastic  pathologist. 
Of  course  it  was  a very  interesting  experience  for  us ; not 
yet  China,  but  interesting  because  we  could  see  what  Japan 
was  doing  for  the  economic  betterment  of  Korea,  and  we  had 
some  little  glimpse  and  larger  appreciation  of  what  the  mis- 
sionaries were  doing  for  Korea. 

Then  we  went  on  up  to  Mukden,  and  met  Dr.  Christie,  that 
wonderful  man  of  whom  Dr.  Bovaird  has  spoken  to  you, 
who  is,  like  Dr.  Main  of  Hangchow,  a great  apostle  of  medi- 
cal missions.  As  Dr.  Welch  said  of  him,  it  is  an  inspiration 
to  meet  him,  and  one  feasts  on  the  memory  of  a day  with 
Dr.  Christie  and  a day  with  Dr.  Main.  While  there  we  also 
spent  a day  at  the  Japanese  hospital.  The  South  Manchurian 
Railway  has  a hospital  and  medical  school  which  in  point  of 
equipment  and  extent,  size  of  hospital  and  size  and  equip- 
ment of  faculty,  is  the  superior  of  all  medical  schools  which 
we  found  in  China.  That  is  a Japanese  school  of  about  the 
grade  of  the  secondary  medical  school  in  Japan  itself.  There 
we  found  two  men  in  bacteriology  and  pathology  who  were 
thoroughly  alive  to  the  medical  problems  of  the  region,  and 
a very  interesting  group  of  men  in  both  hospital  and  medical 
school. 

Then  we  went  down  to  Peking  and  stayed  three  weeks, — 
not  all  of  the  time  in  Peking.  There,  of  course,  is  the  Union 
Medical  School  and  hospitals, — for  there  are  two  of  them. 
Then  at  the  Methodist  compound  there  are  two  hospitals, — a 
hospital  for  men  and  a hospital  for  women.  At  the  Presby- 
terian compound,  another  hospital;  at  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land compound,  another  hospital ; and  various  government  hos- 
pitals, and  one  government  medical  school.  All  of  these  insti- 
tutions we  visited.  We  were  received  in  receptions  by  the 
missionaries,  a courtesy  which  we  returned  by  inviting  them 
to  the  hotel.  We  were  received  by  the  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs  in  his  office,  and  later  he  gave  us  a very  elaborate 
luncheon  in  one  of  the  large  halls  of  the  Forbidden  City,  with 
a large  group  of  Chinese  and  European  and  American  resi- 
dents present-  He  with  the  American  Minister  arranged  an 
interview  for  us  with  President  Yuan  Shi  Kai,  who  received 
us  with  great  cordiality  and  expressed  great  interest  in  our 
work.  He  later  sent  a check  for  $1500  down  to  the  college 
as  a token  of  his  appreciation,  and  has  written  to  us  and 
asked  what  he  can  do  to  help  us,  whether  we  would  like  land 

41 


or  would  like  scholarships,  and  said:  “I  will  direct  the 
young  men  of  China  to  prepare  themselves  to  enter  your  medi- 
cal school,  if  you  establish  it  at  Peking.”  I am  glad  to  say 
that  Bishop  Bashford  told  me  that  he  has  also  made  a gen- 
erous subscription  to  the  Union  University  at  Peking,  per- 
haps $50,000,  paying  the  interest  only  until  the  principal  is 
paid.  That  has  all  been  very  recently,  and  is  some  indication 
of  the  friendliness  of  the  government  toward  missionary  enter- 
prise and  toward  our  little  enterprise  also. 

We  went  down  to  Tientsin.  There  we  visited — and  I felt 
as  though  I were  on  holy  ground — the  Mackenzie  hospital. 
I remember,  twenty-five  years  ago,  reading  the  life  of  John 
Kenneth  ]\Iackenzie,  and  I could  hardly  believe  when  I step- 
ped up  into  that  old  building  that  I was  on  the  place  made 
sacred  to  my  memory  by  the  story  of  that  remarkable  man’s 
life.  We  also  visited  the  Peyang  Medical  School  and  hos- 
pital, and  the  Military  School  and  hospital,  which  is  still 
another  institution  of  the  central  government  of  China;  and 
the  Methodist  Hospital.  But  the  thing  which  most  impressed 
me  for  many  reasons  at  Tientsin — and  perhaps  no  single  ex- 
perience in  all  China  impressed  me  as  much — was  a visit  to 
that  Middle  School  conducted  by  Chang  Po-ling.  I wrote 
home  a letter,  which  my  office  had  manifolded  and  sent  around ; 
and  Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot  wrote  me  a letter  in  reply.  In  this 
letter  I mentioned  Chang  Po-ling  and  my  admiration  for  him, 
and  he  wrote  back  to  me  and  said : “He  was  altogether 
the  most  admirable  and  interesting  man  that  I met  in  China.” 
Now,  Chang  Po-ling  is  a Christian  of  a very  earnest  and 
devoted  and  determined  and  almost  bigoted  character.  Dr. 
Mott  knows  all  about  his  conversion-  My  recollection  of  it 
is  that  Gailey  and  one  other  man  made  up  their  minds  that 
Chang  Po-ling,  then  an  officer  in  the  navy  of  China,  was 
the  sort  of  man  who  ought  to  be  a Christian,  and  they  laid 
siege  to  him  until  he  became  a Christian.  He  had  a Pauline 
experience.  He  can  tell  you  the  day  and  the  hour  and  the 
minute  when  the  tremendous  experience  came  to  him  which 
made  him  a disciple  of  Christ. 

Now  he  has  organized  this  school.  There  are  some  eight 
hundred  young  men,  gathered  from  nearly  every  province  in 
China.  In  equipment,  in  the  quality  of  instruction,  in  the 
poise  and  strength  of  the  teachers,  in  their  class  room  exercises, 
in  the  work  done,  in  the  library,  in  the  cleanness  of  its  dormi- 
tories, in  the  charm  of  its  interior  court,  in  the  almost  mili- 
tary bearing  of  that  great  body  of  young  students,  it  is  the 
equal  of  any  school  I have  ever  seen  in  the  world,  and  I have 

42 


seen  many  schools.  Every  year,  from  a hundred  to  two  hun- 
dred of  the  young-  men  are  under  Chang  Po-ling’s  personal 
ministry  converted  to  Christianity,  there  being  turned  out  of 
that  school  one  hundred  and  fifty  a year  who  go  out  all  over 
China  stamped  with  the  impress  of  this  remarkable  man  and 
themselves  earnest  Christian  young  men. 

I asked  the  question — and  it  seems  everyone  asks  it  who 
goes  there — “How  is  it  these  young  men  are  so  erect  and 
so  military  like?  Are  they  inspected  every  day  when  they 
come?”  “No,”  said  Chang  Po-ling,  “they  are  not.”  “Well, 
how  is  it  ?”  He  took  me  to  the  entrance  and  said : “Do  you 
see  that  mirror  ?”  “Yes.”  “Over  it  is  an  inscription  in  Chinese 
to  the  ef¥,ect : ‘Am  I properly  dressed  ? Am  I clean  and  pre- 
sentable? Am  I the  sort  of  man  who  ought  to  enter  the  walls 
and  halls  of  this  school  today  ?’  ” — something  like  that  over 
the  door.  And  when  any  young  man  comes  in,  the  first  thing 
he  does  is  to  turn  and  face  that  mirror  and  inspect  himself.  I 
think  that  is  a stroke  of  genius.  Why,  that  is  as  good  as 
morning  prayers  for  anybody  to  stand  before  a mirror  and 
look  himself  in  the  face  and  in  the  eye,  and  say,  “Am  I a 
man  fit  to  go  out  into  the  world?”  Now  that  is  a fair  indica- 
tion of  the  whole  school. 

Now,  I speak  of  this  because  it  is  significant.  There  is  a^ 
man  who  dominates  a great  number  of  people-  One  day  I 
was  going  up  the  Yangtse  River.  A beautiful  day  it  was  in 
the  month  of  October.  Sitting  out  on  the  deck,  I saw  in  the 
distance  on  a promontory  one  of  those  remarkable  Chinese 
pagodas  lifting  its  lofty  self  toward  the  sky,  with  the  moun- 
tains beyond  as  its  background.  I went  on  with  my  reading. 
I looked  up  again,  and  there  was  that  remarkable  structure. 
I went  on  with  my  reading.  I looked  up  again,  and  there  it 
was  still.  A half  hour  passed.  I looked  up  again,  and  there 
it  was.  I went  around  on  the  other  side  of  the  boat.  It  inter- 
rupted my  reading.  I read  a little  while,  and  I said,  “I  must 
go  back  and  see  it.”  I went  back  and  looked  at  it.  We  got 
abreast  of  it,  and  I looked  at  it ; and  we  passed  it  and  went 
on  for  another  fifteen  minutes,  and  there  it  stood.  For  thirty 
miles  or  more  on  the  Yangtse  River  that  magnificent  struc- 
ture dominates  the  landscape  and  compels  attention-  And  I 
said  to  myself,  is  that  not  one  of  the  needs  of  China,  that 
there  shall  emerge  somehow  from  our  enterprises  here,  mis- 
sionary and  medical,  men  like  Chang  Po-ling,  men — let  us 
hope  and  pray — like  those  whom  he  is  training,  who  as  ex- 
amples of  what  the  Christian  spirit  can  create  shall  stand  out 
and  dominate  the  landscape,  and  by  their  very  characters  tes- 

4.1 


tify  to  the  value  of  the  Christian  teaching  and  the  Christian 
spirit. 

We  went  on  down  to  Tsinan-fu,  it  reads  to  a Yankee,  but 
they  call  it  “Chenan-fu” — and  what  a rare  old  city  it  is ! We 
visited  the  Union  Medical  College  there,  founded,  I believe, 
by  the  English  Baptists,  later  adopted  in  co-operation  by  the 
Presbyterians  of  America,  where  they  have  built  a remarkable 
hospital,  for  China, — for  anywhere  a good  hospital, — with 
perhaps  the  best  out-patient  department  I have  ever  seen  any- 
where, and  where  they  are  establishing  a school  to  be  taught 
in  the  Chinese  language, — ^as  they  say,  the  Mandarin  language. 
Oh,  I would  like  to  tell  you  my  impressions  of  Tsinan.  We 
were  impressed,  of  course,  by  that  splendid  body  of  men 
there  who  were  at  work.  We  were  impressed  by  ‘the  influ- 
ence of  the  missions  of  Shantung  Province,  which  are  under 
the  direction  of  the  Presbyterians  of  this  country,  although 
other  denominations,  like  the  Southern  Baptists  and  the  Eng- 
lish Baptists  and  the  Methodists,  are  at  work  there,  and  the 
splendid  work  which  missionaries  have  done  in  that  province, 
the  fruit  of  which  is  apparent  in  that  city  and  in  other  places 
where  we  had  opportunity  as  the  train  passed  by  simply  to 
shake  hands  with  the  missionaries  and  the  medical  represen- 
tatives. 

We  went  back  to  Peking.  I am  going  to  deny  myself  the 
pleasure  of  telling  you  some  things  that  I was  interested  in 
in  Shantung.  Back  to  Peking  and  down  to  Hankow,  where 
we  had  interesting  interviews  with  the  missionary  representa- 
tives, and  particularly  the  managers  of  hospitals  and  the  one 
jnedical  school  at  Hankow,  and  where  we  came  across  Bishop 
Roots.  Now,  it  is  worth  going  to  China  to  meet  Bishop 
Roots.  I don’t  know  any  journey  so  long  that  I would  not 
take  it  for  the  sake  of  meeting  Bishop  Roots.  We  met  Mrs. 
Roots  first,  in  Hankow,  and  she  accounts  a good  deal  for  the 
Bishop ; and  then  we  went  up  to  Changsha,  past  this  wonder- 
ful pagoda  that  I was  describing  to  you  a little  while  ago, 
and  came  to  the  Yale  Mission,  where  we  met  Bishop  Roots. 

But  let  me  tell  you  about  our  arrival  at  Changsha.  When 
we  got  there  we  were  met  by  the  Commissioner  of  Police.  I 
was  a little  startled  at  the  thought  of  being  greeted  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Police,  but  I soon  learned  a commissioner 
of  police  is  equivalent  to  a mayor  of  a city,  and  he  was  there 
to  do  us  honor  and  not  to  arrest  us.  Escorted  by  him,  we  went 
up  to  Dr.  Hume’s  house,  and  were  told  to  get  into  the  best 
clothes  we  had,  at  once,  because  forty-seven  of  the  gentry  of 
Changsha  were  giving  us  a dinner.  So  we  dressed  as  quickly 

44 


as  possible,  and  got  into  those  abominable  chairs,  and  were 
carried  through  the  narrow  streets  of  the  city  to  an  old 
ancestral  hall.  Of  course  that  is  a magnificent  residence  com- 
pound, only  it  isn’t  a residence.  We  were  met  at  the  gate- 
way by  some  people.  The  head  man  had  a long  sash  over  him. 
He  looked  like  a man  marching  in  a St.  Patrick’s  Day  parade. 
He  'bowed  to  us  profoundly,  and  I did  my  best  to  be  polite. 
I bowed  to  him.  Then  I was  a little  distressed  to  know  wheth- 
er I ought  to  go  on  the  right  side  of  the  man  or  on  the  left. 
But  somebody  whispered  to  me,  “The  left  is  the  side  of  honor,” 
so  I changed  it.  Then  my  associates  came  up.  You  know 
nothing  is  straight  in  China.  Those  of  you  who  live  there 
know  it.  We  went  around  and  around  and  around  and  around, 
and  presently  we  emerged  into  a most  delightful  park-like 
place,  with  a lake  reflecting  electric  lights  and  the  outlines  of 
the  structures  about  the  lake,  and  were  carried  over  some 
bridges  that  looked  not  unlike  those  balustrades  at  the  Temple 
of  Heaven  in  Peking-  Presently  I looked  up,  and  there  was 
a brass  band.  I walked  along  with  this  man  and  stepped  up 
on  a step,  and  just  as  I stepped  on  the  step,  that  band  struck 
up  “Yankee  Doodle.”  Now,  wasn’t  that  splendid?  Of  course 
I took  ofif  my  hat.  I went  on  past  the  band,  and  I met  a 
group  of  these  charming  gentlemen  and  was  presented  to  them, 
an  interpreter  doing  his  best  to  make  us  understand  one  an- 
other. Then  I was  told  it  was  not  proper  for  me  to  stay  there 
any  longer,  that  I must  go  on  to  another  place  in  order  to  be 
proper.  I went  to  another  place,  and  was  presented  to  another 
group  of  gentlemen,  and  then  another  place  and  another  group 
of  gentlemen. 

You  know  it  had  dawned  on  me  long  before  that  in  China 
that  I was  a barbarian.  I discovered  very  early  in  China  that 
those  people  looked  upon  me  with  condescension  and  com- 
miseration, and  for  the  first  time  in  my  whole  life  I under- 
stood that  passage — you  remember  it,  don’t  you? — in  Dr.  Liv- 
ingstone’s “Africa”  where  he  says  that  the  first  time  a certain 
black  people  in  the  interior  of  Africa  saw  a white  man  they 
were  nauseated.  If  you  think  you  are  a gentleman  or  a lady, 
it  will  all  be  taken  out  of  you  in  China  in  a very  little  while. 

Now,  after  a while  we  were  seated  at  the  table,  and  we  had 
an  interminable  dinner,  a European  dinner  served  in  China, — 
so  many  courses,  you  know.  Then  at  the  end  of  it  they  had 
after-dinner  speeches,  and  they  were  splendid.  The  Commis- 
sioner of  Police  made  a speech,  which  was  interpreted.  Then 
one  of  the  men  who  was  over  here  with  that  commission  of 
merchants  from  China  made  a speech,  and  a great  and  grand 

45 


speech  it  was,  in  good  English.  Then  Dr-  Welch  spoke,  or 
perhaps  I spoke  first.  We  both  spoke,  anyway,  and  Dr.  Flex- 
ner;  and  the  speeches  were  interpreted  by  a young  man,  the 
grandson  of  the  man  in  whose  honor  this  ancestral  palace  had 
been  erected,  himself  the  secretary  of  the  Young  Men’s  Chris- 
tian Association,  and  they  told  me  of  the  young  men  the 
finest  classical  scholar  in  Changsha,  everybody  proud  of  him, 
a leader  of  the  Christian  host  of  Changsha.  It  would  have 
done  you  good  to  see  the  honor  that  was  done  him  by  the 
gentry  present. 

I speak  of  this  as  showing  the  remarkable  hold  which  the 
Yale  people  have  gotten  on  the  gentry  of  China,  not  only  the 
men  but  the  women ; for  there  is  a large  association  of  women 
in  Changsha  who  have  associated  themselves  together  for  the 
promotion  of  public  health  and  sanitation,  the  care  of  children, 
the  providing  of  suitable  food  for  children,  and  doing  what 
they  may  to  decrease  infant  mortality  and  to  promote  the 
general  sanitation  and  salubrity  of  the  homes  of  that  region, — 
a splendid  body  of  women,  all  of  whom  were  asked  to  go 
when  we  went  out  with  the  Governor  General  to  lay  the  corner- 
stone of  the  new  Harkness  Hospital  of  the  Yale  Mission 
School.  I may  say  in  passing  we  were  entertained  by  the 
military  governor  of  the  province  at  luncheon,  and  were  escort- 
ed through  lines  of  soldiers,  just  ahead  of  the  Governor  Gen- 
eral, all  the  way  out  to  this  place  where  the  corner-stone  was 
laid. 

We  went  down  to  Shanghai,  where  we  visited  all  the  medi- 
cal schools  and  hospitals,  and  where  I occupied  my  time  mainly 
in  making  speeches.  I made  more  speeches  in  Shanghai  than 
I have  made  in  America  in  five  years.  The  Christian  Asso- 
ciation had  me  on  the  carpet  three  times.  Dr.  Gamewell  had 
me  on  three  times  for  some  of  his  educational  associations, 
and  Dr.  Beebe  had  me  on  for  the  medical  men ; and  then  we 
went  out  to  meet  native  educational  associations,  where  I made 
speeches  that  had  to  be  interpreted  sentence  by  sentence;  and 
Dr.  Lobenstine  filled  in  the  chinks.  So  from  the  beginning  of 
my  visit  to  the  end  of  it  there  we  had  these  interviews. 

Then  we  went  on  to  Hangchow  and  Soochow,  having  had 
ten  days  at  Nanking,  and  down  to  Hongkong  and  Canton.  That 
was  the  extent  of  our  journey  in  China. 

The  net  result  of  it  all  is  this : We  are  convinced  that  the 
best  service  which  the  China  Medical  Board  can  render  in 
China  is  the  establishment  of  two  medical  schools  of  the  high- 
est grade  possible  under  existing  conditions,  where  young  men 
and  young  women  may  be  so  trained  in  medicine  as  that  they 
themselves  shall  become  the  producers  and  the  teachers  of 

46 


modern  medicine  for  China.  That  our  largest  service  will  not 
be  rendered  by  aiding  a large  number  of  schools,  or  a con- 
siderable number  of  schools,  here  and  there,  to  train  men  im- 
perfectly, who  themselves  have  had  imperfect  preparation  for 
the  immediate  needs  of  China ; but  that  the  greatest  service 
we  can  render  and  the  most  permanent  service  we  can  render 
is  that  of  establishing  these  two  schools  on  such  a high  plane 
scientifically  and  educationally  as  that  through  the  process  of 
training  in  these  schools  there  shall  emerge  young  men  and 
young  women  who  are  capable  of  studying  the  medical  prob- 
lems of  China  and  of  producing  a medical  literature  for  China, 
and  who  themselves  will  become  the  teachers  of  the  future 
generations  of  Chinese  in  the  very  best  that  modern  medicine 
can  offer.  To  that  task  we  propose  to  set  ourselves.  That  is 
the  recommendation  which  we  shall  make — here  I am  telling 
the  tale  right  out  of  school — 'to  our  Board  and  to  the  trustees 
of  the  Union  Medical  College.  We  believe  that  to  be  the 
highest  service  we  can  render. 

Now  you  ask,  what  will  be  our  relation  to  the  missionary 
societies,  and  I can  only  answer — and  I won’t  take  time  to 
read  it  for  there  isn’t  time  now — I can  only  answer  by  refer- 
ring you  to  the  letter  which  Mr.  Rockefeller  sent,  first  to  Dr. 
Speer  and  then  to  secretaries  of  other  societies,  in  which  we 
express  our  wish  to  co-op>erate  in  every  possible  way  with  the 
missionary  societies  and  to  do  our  work  in  such  sympathetic 
accord  with  you  as  shall  make  our  work  a distinctive  contri- 
bution to  missionary  endeavor.  (Applause.) 

Dr.  a.  J.  Brown  : Mr.  Chairman : It  has  been  thought  best 
for  the  Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  to  report  this 
evening  on  the  questions  which  have  been  submitted  regarding 
medical  work  rather  than  defer  that  report  until  tomorrow 
afternoon,  inasmuch  as  you  have  devoted  the  afternoon  and 
evening  of  today  to  medical  missions,  and  it  may  be  well  to 
clear  up  the  subject  while  it  is  before  us- 

The  questions  referred  to  the  Committee  may  resolve  them- 
selves into  two  groups.  First,  the  resolution  of  the  China 
Medical  Missionary  Association  and  the  China  Continuation 
Committee,  as  printed  in  our  report,  regarding  co-operation 
with  the  China  Medical  Board  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation 
and  the  securing  of  an  adequate  number  of  suitable  physicians 
and  nurses.  A second  group  consists  of  the  resolutions  pre- 
sented this  afternoon,  adopted  by  an  informal  conference  of  a 
few  medical  missionaries  and  home  friends  and  physicians  in 
New  York,  March  16th,  regarding  more  adequate  equipment 
and  support  of  mission  hospitals  in  all  the  fields. 

47 


The  Committee  feels  disposed  to  approach  these  questions 
in  a spirit  of  large  sympathy.  It  is  true  that  the  Committee 
doubts  the  practicability  of  some  of  the  specific  proposals  that 
have  been  made,  and  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  some  who 
spoke  and  have  written  are  not  aware  of  all  that  the  boards 
are  now  doing  or  of  what  difficulties  are  involved  in  the  at- 
tempt to  carry  out  their  specific  proposals.  Nevertheless,  the 
Committee  keenly  feels  the  importance  of  the  whole  subject, 
and  surely  all  of  us  are  eager  to  do  everything  in  our  power 
to  advance  the  interests  of  this  great  department  of  our  com- 
mon mission  work.  Some  of  us  have  had  these  questions  un- 
der consideration  for  a long  time,  and  we  were  therefore  a 
little  perplexed  at  some  of  the  things  that  were  said  and  writ- 
ten which  apparently  implied  that  nobody  here  had  been  think- 
ing about  them.  Four  members  of  the  Committee  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Board  of  Trustees  appointed  by  the  China  Medical 
Board  of  the  Rockefeller  Foundation : Dr.  North,  Dr.  Barton. 
Dr.  Mott  and  myself.  We  have  been  rather  anxiously  and 
prayerfully  studying  these  matters,  and  we  know  that  some 
of  the  rest  of  you  have  also  been  doing  so.  It  is  quite  evident 
that  all  that  is  desired  cannot  be  adequately  handled  at  this 
Conference,  amid  the  heat  and  pressure  and  hurry  of  our  work 
here.  We  feel  that  it  is  wise  to  re-study  the  whole  field  of 
medical  missions  at  home  and  abroad,  to  go  somewhat  care- 
fully and  thoroughly  into  the  problems  that  are  concerned-  and 
see  if  some  more  satisfactory  methods  cannot  be  devised.  We 
therefore  submit  the  following  recommendations: 

The  Committee  of  Reference  and  Counsel  having  had  re- 
ferred to  it  certain  resolutions,  recommendations  and  papers 
relating  to  medical  missionary  work,  which  had  been  presented 
to  the  Conference,  the  Committee  recommends,  in  view  of  the 
very  great  importance  of  the  suggestions  presented  and  their 
indirect  bearing  upon  missionary  administration  both  at  home 
and  abroad,  that  all  these  papers  be  referred  to  a special  sub- 
committee to  be  appointed  by  the  Committee  of  Reference  and 
Counsel,  this  sub-committee  to  make  careful  investigation  of 
the  subjects  presented,  to  hold  conferences,  to  confer  with 
those  interested  in  these  resolutions,  and  to  bring  in  a report 
at  the  next  meeting  of  this  Conference. 

And  it  is  our  thought,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  this  sub-com- 
mittee should  be  appointed  almost  immediately  after  the  close 
of  this  Conference,  with  a view  of  undertaking  its  work  at 
the  earliest  possible  moment  and  entering  into  conference  with 
the  boards  concerned  in  the  development  of  the  specific  insti- 
tutions in  northern  China. 


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TitX  -v; 

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